This electronic thesis or dissertation has been downloaded from the King’s Research Portal at https://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/portal/ International criminal courts and the introduction of the Daubert standard as a mode of assessing the psychological impact of warfare on civilians a comparative perspective Solomon, Solon Awarding institution: King's College London The copyright of this thesis rests with the author and no quotation from it or information derived from it may be published without proper acknowledgement. END USER LICENCE AGREEMENT Unless another licence is stated on the immediately following page this work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International licence. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ You are free to copy, distribute and transmit the work Under the following conditions: Attribution: You must attribute the work in the manner specified by the author (but not in any way that suggests that they endorse you or your use of the work). Non Commercial: You may not use this work for commercial purposes. No Derivative Works - You may not alter, transform, or build upon this work. Any of these conditions can be waived if you receive permission from the author. Your fair dealings and other rights are in no way affected by the above. Take down policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact [email protected] providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. Download date: 28. Sep. 2021 INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL COURTS AND THE INTRODUCTION OF THE DAUBERT STANDARD AS A MODE OF ASSESSING THE PSYCHOLOGICAL IMPACT OF WARFARE ON CIVILIANS A Comparative Perspective Solon Solomon A thesis submitted to King’s College London Dickson Poon School of Law for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy 1 TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter 1: The Question of the Daubert Standard Application in International Criminal Law as a Mode for Assessing Warfare’s Psychological Toll on Civilians ....................................... 11 1.1 Introduction .................................................................................................................... 11 1.2 The Importance and Contribution of the Thesis............................................................. 22 1.3 The Thesis Method ......................................................................................................... 27 1.4 The Thesis Structure....................................................................................................... 35 Chapter 2: International Criminal Courts and Tribunals and the Assessment of Warfare’s Psychological Impact upon Civilians ...................................................................................... 37 2.1 Introduction .................................................................................................................... 37 2.2 Warfare’s Psychological Civilian Impact and the ICTY ............................................... 40 2.3 The Assessment of Warfare’s Psychological Impact in the Realm of the ICTR ........... 48 2.4 Warfare’s Psychological Civilian Impact and the ICC .................................................. 55 2.5 The Lack of Reliable Standards in Judges’ Conclusions: The Impact for the Defendant’s Rights and the Integrity of the Judicial Process............................................... 56 2.6 The Current Judicial Approach and its Impact on the Rights of the Defendant ............ 58 2.7 The Current Judicial Approach and its Impact on the Wider Integrity of the Judicial Process .................................................................................................................................. 60 2.8 The Assessment of Warfare’s Psychological Impact and the ‘Beyond Reasonable Doubt’ Proof Requirement ........................................................................................................................... 67 2 2.9 International Criminal Courts and the Mental Harm Discussion Impact on Domestic War Crimes trials ........................................................................................................................... 73 2.10 Conclusion .................................................................................................................... 75 Chapter 3: Addressing the Inconsistency: The Assessment of Warfare’s Psychological Civilian Impact and the Question of Whether an International Criminal Law Principle can be Established ............................................................................................................................... 76 3.1 Introduction .................................................................................................................... 76 3.2 The General Principles of Law as a Source of International Law ................................. 78 3.3 The General Principles of Law as a Source of International Criminal Law .................. 82 3.4 Conclusion ...................................................................................................................... 90 Chapter 4: The Daubert Standard in the U.S. Legal Order ..................................................... 92 4.1 Introduction .................................................................................................................... 92 4.2 The Daubert Standard: Essence and Origins .................................................................. 93 4.3 Criticism of the Daubert Standard ................................................................................ 103 4.4 Acceptance of the Daubert Standard in U.S. State and Federal Practice and Jurisprudence ...................................................................................................................... 109 4.5 Conclusion .................................................................................................................... 110 Chapter 5: The Daubert Standard in the Common Law Jurisdictions ................................... 112 5.1 Introduction .................................................................................................................. 112 5.2 England and Wales ....................................................................................................... 113 5.3 Beyond the Oceans: The Assessment of Expert Evidence and the Impact of English Law on other Commonwealth Nations ................................................................................................ 124 3 5.4 The Case of Ireland and Israel and the Question of the Daubert Standard Application in non-Commonwealth countries ............................................................................................... 145 5.5 Conclusion .................................................................................................................... 155 Chapter 6: The Daubert Standard Beyond the Common Law World..................................... 156 6.1 Introduction .................................................................................................................. 156 6.2 The Daubert Standard in Inquisitorial Criminal Jurisdictions in Europe ..................... 157 6.2.1 Germany ................................................................................................................ 157 6.2.2 France .................................................................................................................... 160 6.2.3 The Netherlands ..................................................................................................... 163 6.2.4 Greece .................................................................................................................... 165 6.2.5 Spain ...................................................................................................................... 167 6.3 The Daubert Standard Beyond the Common Law/Continental Law Divisions: Europe, the Far East, and Latin America ......................................................................................... 171 6.3.1 The Daubert Standard and the Transition from the Inquisitorial to the Adversarial System: Italy and Poland as Case Studies in the European Continent ........................... 175 6.3.2 The Daubert Standard and the Transition from the Inquisitorial to the Adversarial System: China, Japan, and South Korea as Case Studies in the Far East ....................... 181 6.3.3 The Daubert Standard and the Transition from the Inquisitorial to the Adversarial System: Mexico, Peru, Colombia, and Chile as Case Studies in Latin America ........... 189 6.4 Conclusion .................................................................................................................... 201 4 Chapter 7: International Criminal Courts and their Institutional Capacity to Engage with Mental Health Experts: A Look at the Stages beyond the Main Trial ....................................................... 202 7.1 Introduction .................................................................................................................. 202 7.2 International Criminal Judges and the Resort to Mental Health Experts in the Sentencing Phase................................................................................................................................... 206 7.2.1 The ICTY and the Mental Health Experts’ Role in the Sentencing Phase .................... 209 7.2.2 The ICC and the Mental Health Experts’ Role in the Sentencing Phase ......................