Core Project of the WMO/ICSU/IOC World Climate Research Programme SPARC No. 6 No. SPARC Lifetimes of Stratospheric Ozone-Depleting Substances, Their Replacements, and Related Species Edited by M. K. W. Ko, P. A. Newman, S. Reimann, S. E. Strahan SPARC Report No. 6, WCRP-15/2013 December 2013 Atmospheric Lifetimes for CFC-11 and CFC-12 200 Recommended values UNEP/WMO SPARC 2013 150 CFC-12 100 Lifetimes of Stratospheric Ozone-Depleting Lifetime (years) CFC-11 50 Substances, Their Replacements, and Related Species Related and Substances, Replacements, Their 0 1980 1990 2000 2010 Year SPARC Office c/o ETH Zurich Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science (IAC) Universitaetstrasse 16 8092 Zurich Switzerland [email protected] WCRP-15/2013 STRATOSPHERE-TROPOSPHERE PROCESSES AND THEIR ROLE IN CLIMATE SPARC A project of the WMO/ICSU/IOC World Climate Research Programme SPARC Report on the Lifetimes of Stratospheric Ozone-Depleting Substances, Their Replacements, and Related Species December 2013 Prepared under auspices of the SPARC Scientific Steering Group Edited by M. K. W. Ko, P. A. Newman, S. Reimann, and S. E. Strahan WCRP – 15/2013 SPARC Report No. 6 Editing, Design, and Layout: Kathy A. Thompson and Rose M. Kendall Citation, SPARC (2013): SPARC Report on the Lifetimes of Stratospheric Ozone-Depleting Substances, Their Replacements, and Related Species, M. Ko, P. Newman, S. Reimann, S. Strahan (Eds.), SPARC Report No. 6, WCRP-15/2013. Available at http://www.sparc-climate.org/publications/sparc-reports/sparc-report-no6/ The editors sincerely thank Kathy Thompson and Rose Kendall for their tireless and dedicated effort in the production of this report. Authors, Contributors, and Reviewers iii LIST OF INTERNATIONAL AUTHORS, CONTRIBUTORS, AND REVIEWERS SCIENTIFIC STEERING COMMITTEE Malcolm K. W. Ko NASA Langley Research Center USA Paul A. Newman NASA Goddard Space Flight Center USA Stefan Reimann Empa Switzerland Susan E. Strahan Universities Space Research Association USA AUTHORS AND CONTRIBUTORS Chapter 1 Introduction Chapter Lead Authors Stefan Reimann Empa Switzerland Malcolm K. W. Ko NASA Langley Research Center USA Paul A. Newman NASA Goddard Space Flight Center USA Susan E. Strahan Universities Space Research Association USA Chapter 2 The Theory of Estimating Lifetimes Using Models and Observations Chapter Lead Authors R. Alan Plumb Massachusetts Institute of Technology USA Richard S. Stolarski Johns Hopkins University USA Co-Authors Michaela I. Hegglin University of Reading UK Michael J. Prather University of California, Irvine USA C. Michael Volk Universität Wuppertal Germany SPARC Lifetimes Report (2013) – SPARC Report No. 6 iv Authors, Contributors, and Reviewers Chapter 3 Evaluation of Atmospheric Loss Processes Chapter Lead Authors James B. Burkholder NOAA Chemical Sciences Division USA Wahid Mellouki Institut de Combustion, Aérothermique, Réactivité, et Environnement, ICARE – CNRS/OSUC, Orléans France Co-Authors Eric L. Fleming Science Systems and Applications, Inc. USA Christian George CNRS/Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 France Dwayne E. Heard University of Leeds UK Charles H. Jackman NASA Goddard Space Flight Center USA Michael J. Kurylo Universities Space Research Association USA Vladimir L. Orkin National Institute of Standards and Technology USA William H. Swartz The Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory USA Timothy J. Wallington Ford Motor Company USA Chapter 4 Inferred Lifetimes from Observed Trace-Gas Distributions Chapter Lead Authors Andreas Engel Universität Frankfurt Germany Elliot L. Atlas University of Miami USA Co-Authors Peter F. Bernath University of York UK Harald Bönisch J. W. Goethe Universität Frankfurt Germany Alex Brown University of York UK Johannes Laube University of East Anglia UK Kenneth R. Minschwaner New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology USA Stephen A. Montzka NOAA ESRL Global Monitoring Division USA Simon O’Doherty University of Bristol UK Ronald G. Prinn Massachusetts Institute of Technology USA Matthew Rigby University of Bristol UK Susan M. Schauffler National Center for Atmospheric Research USA C. Michael Volk Universität Wuppertal Germany Shari A. Yvon-Lewis Texas A&M University USA SPARC Lifetimes Report (2013) – SPARC Report No. 6 Authors, Contributors, and Reviewers v Chapter 5 Model Estimates of Lifetimes Chapter Lead Authors Martyn Chipperfield University of Leeds UK Qing Liang Universities Space Research Association USA Co-Authors Luke Abraham University of Cambridge UK Slimane Bekki Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales / Institut Pierre-Simon Laplace France Peter Braesicke University of Cambridge UK Sandip Dhomse University of Leeds UK Glauco Di Genova Università degli Studi L’Aquila Italy Eric L. Fleming Science Systems and Applications, Inc. USA Steven Hardiman UK Met Office UK Daniela Iachetti Università degli Studi L’Aquila Italy Charles H. Jackman NASA Goddard Space Flight Center USA Douglas E. Kinnison National Center for Atmospheric Research USA Marion Marchand Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales / Institut Pierre-Simon Laplace France Giovanni Pitari Università degli Studi L’Aquila Italy Eugene Rozanov Physical and Meteorological Observatory / World Radiation Center Switzerland Andrea Stenke Eidgenössiche Technische Hochschule Zürich Switzerland Fiona Tummon Eidgenössiche Technische Hochschule Zürich Switzerland Contributors Jérémie Burgalat Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales / Institut Pierre-Simon Laplace France David Cugnet Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales / Institut Pierre-Simon Laplace France Stacey M. Frith Science Systems and Applications, Inc. USA Charlotte Pascoe British Atmospheric Data Centre / STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory UK Matthew Rigby University of Bristol UK SPARC Lifetimes Report (2013) – SPARC Report No. 6 vi Authors, Contributors, and Reviewers Chapter 6 Recommended Values for Steady-State Lifetimes Chapter Lead Authors Malcolm K. W. Ko NASA Langley Research Center USA Paul A. Newman NASA Goddard Space Flight Center USA Stefan Reimann Empa Switzerland Susan E. Strahan Universities Space Research Association USA Co-Authors Elliot L. Atlas University of Miami USA James B. Burkholder NOAA ESRL Chemical Sciences Division USA Martyn Chipperfield University of Leeds UK Andreas Engel Universität Frankfurt Germany Qing Liang Universities Space Research Association USA Wahid Mellouki Institut de Combustion, Aérothermique, Réactivité, et Environnement, ICARE – CNRS/OSUC, Orléans France R. Alan Plumb Massachusetts Institute of Technology USA Richard S. Stolarski Johns Hopkins University USA C. Michael Volk Universität Wuppertal Germany REVIEWERS Super Reviewers – Overall Report Marvin A. Geller State University of New York, Stony Brook USA Neil R. P. Harris University of Cambridge UK Rolf Müller Forschungszentrum Jülich Germany Principal Reviewers – Individual Chapters Chapter 2 John S. Daniel NOAA ESRL Chemical Sciences Division USA Chapter 3 Paul H. Wine Georgia Institute of Technology USA Chapter 4 William T. Sturges University of East Anglia UK Chapter 5 Olaf Morgenstern National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research New Zealand SPARC Lifetimes Report (2013) – SPARC Report No. 6 Authors, Contributors, and Reviewers vii Mail and Meeting Reviewers Elliot L. Atlas University of Miami USA Slimane Bekki Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales / Institut Pierre-Simon Laplace France James B. Burkholder NOAA ESRL Chemical Sciences Division USA Martyn Chipperfield University of Leeds UK Catherine Clerbaux Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales / Institut Pierre-Simon Laplace France Michael T. Coffey NASA Headquarters USA John S. Daniel NOAA ESRL Chemical Sciences Division USA Andreas Engel Universität Frankfurt Germany David W. Fahey NOAA ESRL Chemical Sciences Division USA Eric L. Fleming Science Systems and Applications, Inc. USA Marvin A. Geller State University of New York, Stony Brook USA Neil R. P. Harris University of Cambridge UK Peter Hoor Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz Germany Robert E. Huie REH Kinetics, Inc. USA Elena Jimenez Universidad de Castillo La Mancha Spain Ken Jucks NASA Headquarters USA Malcolm K. W. Ko NASA Langley Research Center USA Michael J. Kurylo Universities Space Research Association USA Qing Liang Universities Space Research Association USA Patricia Martinerie Laboratoire de Glaciologie et Géophysique de l’Environnement / Université Joseph Fourier Grenoble France Wahid Mellouki Institut de Combustion, Aérothermique, Réactivité, et Environnement, ICARE – CNRS/OSUC, Orléans France Martine Michou CNRM/GAME, Météo-France France Olaf Morgenstern National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research New Zealand Rolf Müller Forschungszentrum Jülich Germany Hideaki Nakane Kochi University of Technology Japan Paul A. Newman NASA Goddard Space Flight Center USA Johannes Orphal Karlsruhe Institute of Technology Germany R. Alan Plumb Massachusetts Institute of Technology USA A. R. Ravishankara NOAA ESRL Chemical Sciences Division USA Stefan Reimann Empa Switzerland Ross J. Salawitch University of Maryland, College Park USA Kiyotaka Shibata Japan Meteorological Agency Japan Johannes Stähelin Eidgenössiche Technische Hochschule Zürich Switzerland Richard S. Stolarski Johns Hopkins University USA Susan E. Strahan Universities Space Research Association USA William T. Sturges University of East Anglia UK Fiona Tummon Eidgenössiche Technische Hochschule Zürich Switzerland