Un-Settling Middle Eastern Refugees This open access edition has been made available under a CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 license, thanks to the support of Knowledge Unlatched. FORCED MIGRATION General Editors: Tom Scott-Smith and Kirsten McConnachie This series, published in association with the Refugees Studies Centre, University of Oxford, refl ects the multidisciplinary nature of the fi eld and includes within its scope international law, anthropology, sociology, politics, international relations, geopolitics, social psychology and economics. Recent volumes: Volume 40 Volume 35 Un-Settling Middle Eastern Refugees: Regimes Migration by Boat: Discourses of Trauma, of Exclusion and Inclusion in the Middle East, Exclusion and Survival Europe, and North America Lynda Mannik Edited by Marcia C. Inhorn and Lucia Volk Volume 34 Volume 39 Making Ubumwe: Power, State and Camps in Structures of Protection? Rethinking Refugee Rwanda’s Unity-Building Project Shelter Andrea Purdeková Edited by Tom Scott-Smith and Mark E. Volume 33 Breeze The Agendas of Tibetan Refugees: Survival Volume 38 Strategies of a Government-in-Exile in a World Refugee Resettlement: Power, Politics, and of Transnational Organizations Humanitarian Governance Thomas Kauffmann Edited by Adèle Garnier, Liliana Lyra Jubilut, Volume 32 and Kristin Bergtora Sandvik The Migration-Displacement Nexus: Patterns, Volume 37 Processes, and Policies Gender, Violence, Refugees Edited by Khalid Koser and Susan Martin Edited by Susanne Buckley-Zistel and Volume 31 Ulrike Krause Zimbabwe’s New Diaspora: Displacement and Volume 36 the Cultural Politics of Survival The Myth of Self-Reliance: Economic Lives Edited by JoAnn McGregor and Ranka Inside a Liberian Refugee Camp Primorac Naohiko Omata For a full volume listing, please see the series page on our website: https://www.berghahnbooks.com/series/forced-migration This open access edition has been made available under a CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 license, thanks to the support of Knowledge Unlatched. Un-Settling Middle Eastern Refugees REGIMES OF EXCLUSION AND INCLUSION IN THE MIDDLE EAST, EUROPE, AND NORTH AMERICA Edited by Marcia C. Inhorn and Lucia Volk berghahn N E W Y O R K • O X F O R D www.berghahnbooks.com This open access edition has been made available under a CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 license, thanks to the support of Knowledge Unlatched. First published in 2021 by Berghahn Books www.berghahnbooks.com © 2021 Marcia C. Inhorn and Lucia Volk All rights reserved. Except for the quotation of short passages for the purposes of criticism and review, no part of this book may be reproduced in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system now known or to be invented, without written permission of the publisher. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Inhorn, Marcia C. | Volk, Lucia, editor. Title: Un-Settling Middle Eastern Refugees: Regimes of Exclusion and Inclusion in the Middle East, Europe, and North America / edited by Marcia C. Inhorn and Lucia Volk. Description: New York: Berghahn Books, 2021. | Series: Forced Migration; volume 40 | Includes bibliographical references and index. Identifiers: LCCN 2021010857 (print) | LCCN 2021010858 (ebook) | ISBN 9781800730564 (hardback) | ISBN 9781800733695 (open access ebook) Subjects: LCSH: Refugees—Middle East—Social conditions. | Middle Easterners— Relocation. | Middle East—Emigration and immigration—Social aspects. Classification: LCC HV640.5.A6 U395 2021 (print) | LCC HV640.5.A6 (ebook) | DDC 305.9/069140956—dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2021010857 LC ebook record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2021010858 British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library ISBN 978-1-80073-056-4 hardback ISBN 978-1-80073-369-5 open access ebook An electronic version of this book is freely available thanks to the support of libraries working with Knowledge Unlatched. KU is a collaborative initiative designed to make high-quality books Open Access for the public good. More information about the initiative and links to the Open Access version can be found at knowledgeunlatched.org. This work is published subject to a Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial No Derivatives 4.0 License. The terms of the license can be found at http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/. For uses beyond those covered in the license contact Berghahn Books. This open access edition has been made available under a CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 license, thanks to the support of Knowledge Unlatched. Contents List of Illustrations viii Acknowledgments x Introduction. Un-Settling Middle Eastern Refugees 1 Lucia Volk and Marcia C. Inhorn Part I. (Dis)Counting Refugees 1. When States Need Refugees: Iraqi Kurdistan and the Security Alibi 25 Kali Rubaii 2. Navigating Precarity, Prejudice, and “Return”: The (Un)Settlement of Displaced Afghans in Iran and Afghanistan 40 Naysan Adlparvar 3. Unsettling “Refugees” as a Category: Labeling, Imagined Populations, and Statistics in a Palestinian Refugee Camp in Beirut 56 Gustavo Barbosa Part II. Protesting Exclusion 4. Middle Eastern Refugeehood in the Happiest Place on Earth: Syrians and Iraqis Entering Finland’s Welfare State Bureaucracy 69 Lindsay A. Gifford 5. “ I Live Here; I Have a Right to Be Here”: An Afghan Refugee’s Disorientations and Insistence on Inclusion through Theater 88 Julie Nynne Bune This open access edition has been made available under a CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 license, thanks to the support of Knowledge Unlatched. vi | Contents 6. Demanding Their Welcome: Agency-in-Waiting at a Protest Camp in Dortmund, Germany 103 Lucia Volk Part III. Making Lives in Exile 7. Living as Enduring: The Struggle for Life against the Limits of Refuge among Gaza Refugees in Jordan 121 Michael Vicente Pérez 8. Reimagining “the Arab Way” in Exile: Futures “Off Line” among Syrian Men in Amman 134 Emilie Lund Mortensen 9. Proactive Reciprocity: Educational Trajectories Reclaimed through Patterns of Care among Refugee Men in Greece 147 Árdís K. Ingvars Part IV. Seeking Health 10. America’s Wars and Iraqis’ Lives: Toxic Legacies, Refugee Vulnerabilities, and Regimes of Exclusion in the United States 163 Marcia C. Inhorn 11. Regimes of Exclusion in the Reproductive Healthcare Setting: Exploring Experiences of Syrian Refugees in San Diego, California 180 Morgen Chalmiers 12. Valuing Health, Negotiating Paradoxes: Medicalization of the Hymen, Hymenoplasty, and Women’s Healthcare in Ontario 196 Verena E. Kozmann Part V. Reshaping Humanitarianism 13. A Death Sentence? UNRWA in the Trump Era 213 Khaldun Bshara 14. Race, Religion, and Afghan Refugees’ Practices of Care in Greece 231 Zareena A. Grewal This open access edition has been made available under a CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 license, thanks to the support of Knowledge Unlatched. Contents | vii 15. Blurred Lines and Syrian Tea: Negotiations of Humanitarian-Refugee Relationships in France 248 Rachel J. Farell 16. Inclusive Partnerships: Building Resilience Humanitarianism with Syrian Refugee Youth in Jordan 261 Catherine Panter-Brick Conclusion. Rethinking Exclusion and Inclusion in Refugee Resettlement 281 Marcia C. Inhorn and Lucia Volk Index 290 This open access edition has been made available under a CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 license, thanks to the support of Knowledge Unlatched. Illustrations Figures 1.1. Picture of Kurdish President Masoud Barzani Passing through a Checkpoint. 28 1.2. Feminist Kurdistan against ISIS. 34 2.1. Number of Documented Afghan Refugees in Iran (1979–2019). 43 4.1. Syrian Refugees Organize a Picnic at a Finnish Lakeside Park. 75 6.1. Dortmund Protest Banner: “We Are Waiting to Be Granted the Right to Stay, While Our Families in Syria Are Waiting for Death,” 2015. 112 8.1. Hani’s Drawing of His Life in Jordan, March 2018, Amman. 144 12.1. Different Forms of Biomedical Hymen Permeability Categories. 205 13.1. Banner in Ramal lah: “UNRWA Remains a Living Testimony for the Catastrophe and Displacement of Our People in 1948.” November 2019. 217 13.2. Banner in Ramallah: “We Call upon the UN to Extend the Mandate to Support and Protect UNRWA.” November 2019. 218 13.3. Street Artwork in Bethlehem Depicting the U.S. Withdrawal of Funds from UNRWA as a Crime against Humanity. April 2019. 219 13.4. U.S. Aid (in USD) to the West Bank and Gaza Strip (2008–19). 222 14.1. Painting of the Flag and Map of Afghanistan Foregrounded by a Cross. 243 16.1. “Do the Birds Need Passports to Enter Hungary?” Drawing from the Children’s Book Questions in a Suitcase by Abu Alhayat. 270 16.2. “Where Do the Refugee-Giraffes Store Their Memories?” Drawing from the Children’s Book Questions in a Suitcase by Abu Alhayat. 272 This open access edition has been made available under a CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 license, thanks to the support of Knowledge Unlatched. Illustrations | ix 16.3. Mural on the Wall of a Youth Center Hosting the Advancing Adolescents Program. 273 Tables 10.1. Iraqi Refugees Admitted to the United States (2007–15). 171 10.2. U.S. States of Iraqi Resettlement (2006–15). 172 13.1. Distribution of Palestinian Refugees around the Middle East (2014–18). 216 13.2. U.S. Aid to Palestine (2008–19). 224 13.3. Donations (USD) by Country and Percentage of UNRWA’s Total Budget (2009–18). 224 This open access edition has been made available under a CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 license, thanks to the support of Knowledge Unlatched. Acknowledgments In a book devoted to the Middle Eastern refugee crisis, we must begin by thanking the many refugees from Afghanistan, Iraq, Palestine, and Syria who made this book possible by sharing their lives and stories with us. Many of them have faced incredible hardships and unmitigated human suffering. We dedicate this book to them—hoping that they achieve the safety and settled futures to which they ardently aspire.