Amwaluna: Jurnal Ekonomi dan Keuangan Syariah Vol.5 No.1 januari 2021 Page 50-55 Online ISSN : 2540-8402 | Print ISSN : 2540-8399 REVIEWING THE CONCEPT OF JIZYAH: A THEORETICAL APPROACH TO HISTORY Mohammad Ghozali, Wahyu Nugroho Universitas Darussalam Gontor [email protected], [email protected] Abstract In the treasures of Islamic civilization, Muslims recognize many State income instruments, one of which is jizyah, which is a contribution that must be paid by unbelievers who settled in the Islamic State to obtain protection and guarantee that they will live there. With the continued development of science and culture, some scholars state that jizyah is only imposed on the book's people, and jizyah is a form of oppression for non-Muslims, even though this is not true. So, this research seeks to present historical facts taken from history books and research that discuss jizyah. This type of research is a literature review using descriptive qualitative methods. As for the results of the study, that the initial stipulation of jizyah was at the time of the Prophet precisely after the Tabuk war event in 9 H. Then the jizyah continued during the time of Khulafa Rasyidin and continued to grow, especially during the Caliph Umar regarding the provisions of jizyah applicable from those previously imposed on group representation to each capable non-Muslim people. Then, jizyah's wisdom and purpose are contained in Al-Quran Surah At-Taubah verse 29, that with the existence of jizyah, the non-Muslims are given life protection in an Islamic state. With jizyah, non-Muslims get security, comfort, convenience in dealing with Muslims, welfare, and security guarantees for their property. Keywords: State Revenue, Jizyah, Islamic State, Security Guarantee I. Introduction object is merchandise, both incoming and The first leader of the Islamic outgoing goods). (Mannan, 1995) Government in Medina was Muhammad Implementing those state revenues SAW, the messenger of Allah SWT in made the Islamic State a state that protects spreading Islam. Besides, he was known to all the people equitably. Not limited by be good at political strategy. (Hart, 2017) Muslims, but also non-Muslims. In other One of the economic policies implemented words, this is a form of justice in a country, by him was determining the source of state so that the realization of benefits in the revenue consisting of zakat, ghanimah economic, social, political, and other fields (spoils of war), and jizyah. And also, in the will be achieved. (Gusfahmi, 2007) caliph period, there was not much different In the development of science and kind of state revenue. However, during culture, some scholars have misunderstood Caliph Umar ibn Khattab, there was no war, the history, wisdom, and purpose of jizyah. so there was also no ghanimah accompanied As explained in Adian Husaini's book by the expansion of Islamic territory. He (Adian Husaini, 2002), that is, they interpret then made ijtihad to determine state revenue, jizyah as levies that are specifically aimed at which consists of three forms: jizyah, al- the ahlul kitab, namely non-muslims who kharaj (the object island managed by have holy books, and do not apply to non- Muslims and non-muslims), and 'usyur (the muslims who worship fire, statues, animals, Received: 2020-11-18 | Reviced: 2020-12-15 | Accepted: 2020-12-28 Indexed : Sinta, DOAJ, Garuda, Crossref, Google Scholar | DOI: https://doi.org/10.29313/amwaluna.v5i1.6363 50 Amwaluna: Jurnal Ekonomi dan Keuangan Syariah Vol.5 No.1 Januari 2021 Page 50-55 or other items. Besides, according to Sayed (Abu Dawud hadith 1582, Turmidzi, hadith Afzal (Peerzade, 2010), there is an opinion 1513) that defines jizyah as a form of leasing, and Actually, jizyah's concept already exists there are those who think that a jizyah is a much before the advent of Islam, which is form of punishment for non-Muslims. Thus, the country that lost obliged to pay tribute to this misunderstanding of jizyah needs to be the country that wins, like the Roman, corrected because it can create Muslims' Persian, and Greek obliging residents state negative perceptions. conquered to pay taxes to them. After the Based on the brief description above, arrival of Islam, the form of tribute was the researcher will explain jizyah's concept, maintained, but Islam made changes. the history of jizyah originating and (Muhammad Iqbal, 2014). In Muhammad's developing, and what impact it has. As for period, jizyah is a tax imposed on non- the answer, researchers will try to explain Muslims, especially to the dzimmy non- the history and concept of jizyah by muslims. collecting primary data from the history of Imam Al-Mawardi in his book Ahkam Islamic civilization books, especially Sulthaniyah: Islamic Khilafah Government Islamic economics, and scientific papers System, explains the conditions that must be relating to the jizyah then conclude. fulfilled by the dzimmy in an agreement with Muslims (jizyah), namely: not Method mentioning the Qur’an to insult and change This research seeks to present historical it, not mentioning the name of the Prophet facts taken from historical books and with the aim of deniers and abusing it, may researches which discuss jizyah. This not refer to Islam with disdain and humiliate, research is a literature review, which is taken not accused of adultery against Muslim from the famous literature of Islamic history women or admit to marry them, should not books (Thurats) with descriptive qualitative interfere with Muslims because of their methods. religion, they should not help the enemy forces and protect them. (Al-Mawardi, II. Discussion 2014) . Definition of Jizyah. in terminology The Provisions of Jizyah Collection اﻟ ِﺠ ْﺰﯾَﺔُ Al-jizyah interpreted as land tax, a tax taken from From the description of jizyah that has dzimmiy non-muslims. (Abadi, 2005) While been explained above, there needs to be underlined that the Muslims are exempted ِﺟ ْﺰ ٌى - َو ِﺟ ًﺰى – jizyah comes from the word which means giving a reply. (Dhoif, from the imposition of jizyah because , َو ِﺟ َﺰا ٌء 2004). Muslims are obliged to undergo military According to history, the beginning of service that risks their lives for the defense the order of jizyah is written in the Qur’an of the country. When viewed further, surah at-Taubah verse 29, which means: " ... Muslims also pay like taxes (zakat, infaq, until they pay the jizyah obediently while shadaqah). Actually, this is much more they are in a state of submission ... " expensive than jizyah because it is charged Moreover, based on the hadiths which tell with a rating of 2.5% of all annual savings. about the beginning of jizyah discovered (Ali, 2013b) that jizyah was implemented for the Magi: Although generally jizyah is issued in the form of money, Muhammad SAW has ...أَن اﻟﻨﱠﺒِﻲ ﺻﻠﻰ ﷲ َﻋﻠَ ْﯿ ِﮫ َوﺳﻠﻢ أَﺧﺬ ا ْﻟ ِﺠ ْﺰﯾَﺔ ﻣﻦ ,also applied it in goods. According to Jajuli سﻮﺠﻣ ﺮﺠھ . اور( ه ا ﻟ ىرﺎﺨﺒ أو ﻮﺑ دواد او ﻟ يﺬﻣﺮﺘ ) who quoted from Ahmad Ali's book, that Meaning: "... Surely the Prophet this practice was carried out by the Prophet Muhammad SAW (has) taken jizyah from when he agreed with Bani Najran, the Magi who live in the land of Hajar." stipulating that jizyah was paid in the form Online ISSN : 2540-8402 | Print ISSN : 2540-8399 51 Mohammad Ghozali, Wahyu Nugroho: Reviewing The Concept Of Jizyah: A Theoretical. of 2000 pieces of clothing by submitting paying jizyah because, basically, jizyah is 1000 pieces paid in the month of Rajab, then collected according to their economic the rest in the month of Safar, and the time conditions. Among the freed groups are of payment added with an ounce of silver. those who cannot fight, namely: women, (July 2016) children, older people, disabled, paralyzed, Also, in the commentary of Imam poor people who are unable to do business, Shafi'i written by Mustafa Al-Farran, he monks, and many more. (Ali, 2013a). Thus, wrote that "Muhammad SAW is an there is no discrimination against non- explanation of what Allah SWT means. Muslims because the jizyah provision is Therefore, Rasulullah SAW drew jizyah only imposed on those who can afford it. from rich people as much as one dinar per If among the non-Muslim who has an year, or it could be cloth (goods) worth one obligation to pay jizyah not working, they dinar.” (Al-Farran, 2008) Thus, it is clear are not forced to pay and will be donated that this is a form of relief and convenience baitul mal. (Sholihin, 2010) . Furthermore, in paying jizyah to create justice for people if those who have an obligation to pay jizyah living in a country. to die, this obligation becomes null and void A scientific paper by Ziauddin Ahmed and does not fall on the heirs. (Mahmud, concluded that in the Qur’an, jizyah was 1996) important as the handover by non-Muslim in Concerning their rights, they are groups or individuals by paying certain exempted from military service and defend financial obligations to the Islamic Islam because this is Muslim citizens' duty. territory's authority. So, as a financial Meanwhile, some fuqaha argue that if the obligation, the state played an important role Islamic state cannot provide them with in determining jizyah as a policy appropriate protection, their jizyah is returned. Besides to the circumstances at that time. (Ahmed, that, they can still own their land and inherit 1975). it, and also sell and buy it or give it away. However, there is a difference of (Mahmud, 1996). opinions among the ulama in interpreting Based on the explanation above, jizyah the jizyah collection provisions. According is not oppressive, rigid, coercive, and to Maliki, jizyah was collected from all non- without a clear purpose.