The Saami traditional dress & beauty pageants: Indigenous peoples’ rights of ownership and self- determination over their cultures Mattias Åhrén Avhandling leverert for graden Philosophiae Doctor i rettsvitenskap Vår 2010 The Saami traditional dress & beauty pageants: Indigenous peoples’ rights of ownership and self-determination over their cultures Mattias Åhrén 1. BACKGROUND AND INTRODUCTION ................................................................... 1 1.1 The fact ....................................................................................................................... 1 1.2 Does the appropriation of indigenous peoples’ cultures constitute a problem? ......... 2 1.2.1 Indigenous peoples’ perspective 2 1.2.2 Arguments for continued access to indigenous peoples’ cultures .......................... 4 1.3 The aim of the doctoral thesis .................................................................................... 7 1.3.1 The specific aim – surveying what rights indigenous peoples’ hold over their collective creativity 7 1.3.2 The general aim – clarifying and systemizing the legal status and principal rights of indigenous peoples under international law 8 1.4 Outline of the doctoral thesis ..................................................................................... 9 1.4.1 Chapters 2 and 3: Early international law and political philosophy ...................... 9 1.4.2 Chapters 4-6: Survey of relevant international legal sources ............................... 10 1.4.3 Chapter 7: International law on legal sources – legal method ............................. 13 1.4.4 Chapters 8-10: Concluding analyses on indigenous peoples’ rights to own and/or determine over their collective creativity 15 1.4.5 Chapter 11: IP-neighbouring rights 16 1.4.6 Chapter 12: Conclusions – Is Miss Finland legally entitled to wear the traditional Saami dress? 17 1.5 The doctoral thesis’ understanding of “culture”, “cultural heritage” and “collective creativity” ............................................................................................................................. 17 1.6 Limitations ............................................................................................................... 19 1.6.1 The doctoral thesis does not address conservation and preservation of cultural heritage 19 1.6.2 The doctoral thesis is only concerned with indigenous peoples’ rights ............... 20 2. CLASSICAL INTERNATIONAL LAW AND EARLY PHILOSOPHY ON PEOPLES’ RIGHTS ................................................................................................................................... 21 2.1 Introduction .............................................................................................................. 21 2.2 The period prior to the Peace of Westphalia ............................................................ 21 2.3 The period between the Peace of Westphalia and the League of Nations ............... 24 2.4 The League of Nations epoch ................................................................................... 30 2.5 The post-World War II period – the return of classical international law ............... 35 2.5.1 Introduction 35 2.5.2 The UN Charter 37 2.5.3 The Bill of Rights and other human rights instruments of the era ....................... 38 2.5.4 The decolonization epoch 44 3. POLITICAL THEORY UNDERPINNING THE LAW .................................................. 48 3.1 Introduction 48 3.2 Further on conventional individual liberalism 48 3.3 Criticism of conventional individual liberalism ....................................................... 51 3.3.1 Generally 51 3.3.2 Particularly on nationalism 53 3.4 Communitarianism ................................................................................................... 55 3.5 Criticism of communitarianism ................................................................................ 56 3.6 Multiculturalism ....................................................................................................... 58 3.6.1 Generally 58 3.6.2 Multiculturalism specifically on indigenous peoples ........................................... 60 3.6.3 Limitations of multiculturalism 61 3.7 Criticism of multiculturalism ................................................................................... 62 3.8 Conclusions - the success of multiculturalism and its potential relevance for international law 63 4. OUTLINE – THE RIGHTS TO CULTURE AND SELF-DETERMINATION ......... 65 4.1 Introduction .............................................................................................................. 65 4.2 Peoples’ rights in general during the 1970s and 1980s ............................................ 67 4.3 The 1970s and 80s: The foundation for indigenous peoples’ rights is laid down .... 70 4.4 Minority rights – light collectivization of individual rights ..................................... 73 4.5 Collectivization of the right to culture – CCPR Article 27 ...................................... 77 4.6 The ILO 169 – recognition of collective rights proper of indigenous groups .......... 80 4.7 Contemporary international law on indigenous peoples’ rights ............................... 83 4.7.1 Introduction 83 4.7.2 Universally applicable international legal sources ............................................... 83 4.7.3 Regional legal sources 90 4.7.4 Recognition of the status of indigenous peoples in UN institution building and processes 97 4.8 The right to non-discrimination ................................................................................ 99 4.8.1 Introduction 99 4.8.2 The conventional understanding of the right to non-discrimination .................... 99 4.8.3 Acceptance of special measures promoting cultural diversity ........................... 101 4.8.4 The contemporary understanding of the right to non-discrimination - protection of group rights 103 4.8.5 Briefly on the relationship between the right to non-discrimination and the universality of human rights 109 4.9 Conclusions ............................................................................................................ 111 4.9.1 Introduction 111 4.9.2 Collectivized individual rights and rights sui generis to indigenous populations 112 4.9.3 Indigenous peoples’ rights proper 113 4.10 Implications of a right to self-determination of indigenous peoples on state sovereignty ......................................................................................................................... 117 4.10.1 The external aspect - territorial integrity of the state ......................................... 117 4.10.2 The internal aspect - jurisdiction 119 5. OUTLINE - PROPERTY RIGHTS ........................................................................... 122 5.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................ 122 5.2 The conventional understanding of the human right to property ........................... 123 5.2.1 Property rights theory 123 5.2.2 The legal right to property under international law ............................................ 124 5.3 Particularly on property rights pertaining to indigenous lands .............................. 126 5.3.1 The rejection of the terra nullius doctrine 126 5.3.2 Indigenous peoples’ property rights to lands continuously used ....................... 127 5.3.3 The right to restitution – including benefit-sharing ........................................... 133 5.4 Indigenous peoples’ property right to their collective creativity ........................... 135 5.4.1 Introduction 135 5.4.2 The basic features of conventional IPRs 136 5.4.3 Moral rights and liability regimes 138 5.4.4 How do the general features of the conventional IPR-system square with indigenous peoples’ collective creativity? 140 5.4.5 Comparison between property rights to land and to collective creativity continuously in indigenous peoples’ possession 143 5.4.6 Restitution - collective creativity already in the public domain ......................... 148 5.4.7 International legal sources on indigenous peoples’ property rights to their collective creativity and conclusions 149 6. THE RELEVANCE OF THE UN DECLARATION ON THE RIGHTS OF INDIGENOUS PEOPLES ..................................................................................................... 151 6.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................ 151 6.2 Background ............................................................................................................ 152 6.2.1 The adoption of the DRIP 152 6.2.2 Interpretative statements 154 6.3 The content of the UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples ............. 155 6.3.1 Introduction 155 6.3.2 Collective human rights proper generally 156 6.3.3 Cultural rights 159 6.3.4 The right to self-determination 162 6.3.5 Indigenous peoples’ property rights to their collective creativity ...................... 167 6.3.6 Property rights to land 169 6.3.7 The right to non-discrimination 173 6.3.8 Article 46 173 6.3.9 Endorsement of DRIP by the UN system and beyond ....................................... 177 6.3.10 Conclusions 179 7. INTERNATIONAL LAW ON INTERNATIONAL LEGAL SOURCES .................... 181 7.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................ 181 7.2 Legal sources in international