Degressive proportionality Aleksandra Ludwiniak, Aleksandra Wojsz Uniwersytet Warszawski Degressive proportionality is a intermediary solution between equality and proportionality. Aleksandra Ludwiniak, Aleksandra Wojsz Uniwersytet Warszawski How it works? ● division of seats into subunits in the decision-making body ● a distribution in which a larger individual is entitled to a greater number of seats than a smaller one ● there is no one specific election rule, there are several different degressive methods Aleksandra Ludwiniak, Aleksandra Wojsz Uniwersytet Warszawski Measures of degressive proportionality Aleksandra Ludwiniak, Aleksandra Wojsz Uniwersytet Warszawski source: Piotr Dniestrzański : Proposal for measure of degressive proportionality, 2013 Aleksandra Ludwiniak, Aleksandra Wojsz Uniwersytet Warszawski Boundary measure ● is based solely on boundary conditions of a given allocation Aleksandra Ludwiniak, Aleksandra Wojsz Uniwersytet Warszawski The second way to measure the degression of a distribution ● is based on the value of the expression Aleksandra Ludwiniak, Aleksandra Wojsz Uniwersytet Warszawski Another possibility of construction of the measure of degressive proportionality source: Piotr Dniestrzański : Proposal for measure of degressive proportionality, 2013 Aleksandra Ludwiniak, Aleksandra Wojsz Uniwersytet Warszawski Newly proposed measure for degressive proportionality ● Let us introduce the following designations: ● It has been therefore proposed that for the measure of degression of allocation S = (s1, s2,..., sn) respect to the sequence P = (p1, p2,..., pn) use the following value: Aleksandra Ludwiniak, Aleksandra Wojsz Uniwersytet Warszawski Sainte-Laguë method ● is a highest quotient method for allocating seats in party-list proportional representation used in many voting systems ● is used in Bosnia and Herzegovina, Iraq, Kosovo, Latvia, New Zealand, Norway and Sweden Aleksandra Ludwiniak, Aleksandra Wojsz Uniwersytet Warszawski Sainte-Laguë method DESCRIPTION OF THE METHOD ● After all the votes have been tallied, successive quotients are calculated for each party. The formula for the quotient is: Where: - V is the total number of votes that party received - s is the number of seats that have been allocated so far to that party, initially 0 for all parties Aleksandra Ludwiniak, Aleksandra Wojsz Uniwersytet Warszawski Sainte-Laguë method - example ● We have parties A, B and C, which were elected with 720, 300 and 480 votes, and there are 8 seats to be filled. ● 1st step: calculating quotients ● 2nd step: arranging the quotients in descending Divider Party A Party B Party C order (party in brackets): 1 – 720 (A) 1 720 300 480 2 – 480 (C) 3 – 300 (B) 3 240 100 160 4 – 240 (A) 5 – 160 (C) 5 144 60 96 6 – 144 (A) 7 – 103 (A) 7 103 42 69 8 – 100 (B) Aleksandra Ludwiniak, Aleksandra Wojsz Uniwersytet Warszawski The Penrose method/ Square - root method ● is a method devised for allocating the voting weights of delegations in decision-making bodies proportional to the square root of the population represented by this delegation ● is not currently being used for any notable decision-making body Aleksandra Ludwiniak, Aleksandra Wojsz Uniwersytet Warszawski Advantages ● Reducing the probability of dominance by the largest sub-units. ● No region is left out, even if the principle of proportionality says that its inhabitants should have nothing to say. ● Increasing decision-making capacity for smaller suborganisms. If their interests are taken into account, the threat of secession will decrease. Aleksandra Ludwiniak, Aleksandra Wojsz Uniwersytet Warszawski Disadvantages ● GERRYMANDERING - There is a possibility that someone will want to use the principle of degressive proportionality for the purpose of political manipulation. ● The subdivision system is not perfect ... People may riot on the grounds that a subdivision should not exist Aleksandra Ludwiniak, Aleksandra Wojsz Uniwersytet Warszawski Uses Bundesrat of Germany → Each state has three to six seats European Parliament → Negotiations, no specific formula, only MINIMUM seats Spain Congress of Deputies → two extra seats to proportional number Aleksandra Ludwiniak, Aleksandra Wojsz Uniwersytet Warszawski Uses US presidental Electoral College → minimum of three member of seats https://www.rp.pl/Prezydent--USA/201109820-Wybory-w-USA-Donald-Trump-czy-Joe-Biden---relacja-na-zywo.htm STAN NA DZIEŃ 11.11.2020l Aleksandra Ludwiniak, Aleksandra Wojsz Uniwersytet Warszawski Sources ● Jacek Haman : THE CONCEPT OF DEGRESSIVE AND PROGRESSIVE PROPORTIONALITY AND ITS NORMATIVE AND DESCRIPTIVE APPLICATIONS, 2017 ● Piotr Dniestrzański : Proposal for measure of degressive proportionality, 2013 ● https://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/IDAN/2017/583117/IPOL_ID A%282017%29583117_EN.pdf Aleksandra Ludwiniak, Aleksandra Wojsz Uniwersytet Warszawski Thank you for your attention! Aleksandra Ludwiniak, Aleksandra Wojsz Uniwersytet Warszawski.