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The Univer- sity operates through a worldwide network of research and training centres and programmes, and its planning and coordinating centre in Tokyo. Human insecurity in East Asia Human insecurity in East Asia Edited by Michio Umegaki, Lynn Thiesmeyer and Atsushi Watabe United Nations a University Press TOKYO u NEW YORK u PARIS 6 United Nations University, 2009 The views expressed in this publication are those of the authors and do not nec- essarily reflect the views of the United Nations University. United Nations University Press United Nations University, 53-70, Jingumae 5-chome, Shibuya-ku, Tokyo 150-8925, Japan Tel: þ81-3-5467-1212 Fax: þ81-3-3406-7345 E-mail: [email protected] general enquiries: [email protected] http://www.unu.edu United Nations University Office at the United Nations, New York 2 United Nations Plaza, Room DC2-2062, New York, NY 10017, USA Tel: þ1-212-963-6387 Fax: þ1-212-371-9454 E-mail: [email protected] United Nations University Press is the publishing division of the United Nations University. Cover design by Mea Rhee Cover photograph by Qilai Shen / Panos Pictures Printed in Hong Kong ISBN 978-92-808-1164-3 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Human insecurity in East Asia / edited by Michio Umegaki, Lynn Thiesmeyer, and Atsushi Watabe. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-9280811643 (pbk.) 1. Basic needs—East Asia. 2. Risk management—East Asia. 3. East Asia— Social conditions—21st century. I. Umegaki, Michio. II. Thiesmeyer, Lynn. III. Watabe, Atsushi. HC460.5.Z9B38 2009 363.3095—dc22 2009000016 Contents Tablesandfigures..................................................... vii Contributors........................................................... x Acknowledgements . ............................. xii Abbreviations ......................................................... xiv Introduction – East Asia in a human security perspective . 1 Michio Umegaki Part I: Living with human insecurity ................................. 19 1 Embracing human insecurity: Agent Orange-Dioxin and the legaciesofthewarinVietNam .................................. 21 Michio Umegaki, Vu Le Thao Chi, and Tran Duc Phan 2 The ageing community: Human insecurity in a ‘‘developed’’ society.............................................................. 47 Satoshi Watanabe 3 Choice of their own, choice from their need: People on the moveinruralnortheastThailand ................................ 72 Atsushi Watabe and Chaicharn Wongsamun vi CONTENTS 4 Rural changes and ageing in human insecurity in northern Thailand........................................................... 100 Liwa Pardthaisong-Chaipanich Part II: Intervening in human insecurity ............................ 119 5 Landlessness and development: Policy purposes and policy outcomes in Southeast Asia . ................................... 121 Lynn Thiesmeyer 6 Policy coordination beyond borders: Japan-China environmental policy practices in Shenyang and Chengdu, China .............................................................. 144 Wang Xue-ping and Yoshika Sekine 7 ASEAN migrant workers: From poverty to human-security- basedcompetitiveness ............................................ 165 Patcharawalai Wongboonsin 8 Pesticide dependence in agriculture: Policy for productivity andpolicyforsecurityinVietNam.............................. 191 Tran Duc Vien and Pham Van Hoi 9 Creatinga community:AgeinginurbanJapan.................. 211 Daisuke Watanabe 10 Humansecuritypracticesina highlandminorityproject ....... 232 Lynn Thiesmeyer and Seewigaa Kittiyoungkun Epilogue– Researchinhumaninsecurity ........................... 260 Michio Umegaki Index .................................................................. 269 Tables and figures Tables I.1 Life expectancy at birth (LEB), 1999 and 2004, and percentage of population beyond or near LEB . ........... 10 1.1 SizeofAOfamilies ............................................ 33 1.2 AverageageofheadsofAOfamilies......................... 33 1.3 Accessto‘‘stable’’sourcesofmonetaryresources ........... 35 1.4 Deterrence of AO damage: Number of children after first handicappedchild.............................................. 37 1.5 Deterrence of AO damage: Number of children after secondhandicappedchild...................................... 37 1.6 Non-AO deterrence: Number of AO families with healthy lastchild ........................................................ 38 1.7 Non-AO deterrence: Number and size of AO families with healthylastchild ............................................... 38 3.1 Number and classification of household members ........... 80 3.2 Classificationofmigrantsbygenderandage................. 80 3.3 Classificationofmigrantsbyplaceofwork................... 81 3.4 Classification of migrants by gender and occupation . 81 3.5 Classification of migrants by main reason for migration . 82 3.6 Classification of migrants by source of financing for migration ....................................................... 82 3.7 Classification of migrants by amount of expenses for migration ....................................................... 83 3.8 Average income and remittances of migrants (US$) . 83 vii viii TABLES AND FIGURES 3.9 Sources of household income ................................. 84 3.10 Disbursementofremittancesfrommigrants(%) ............ 85 3.11 Perception of impact of out-migration of respondents in eachecosystem................................................. 86 4.1 PeoplelivingwithHIV/AIDSinthestudyareas,2006 ...... 105 6.1 Process of afforestation experiment in Shenyang, Kangping prefecture,1999–2006 ......................................... 156 7.1 ASEANmigrantworkers ..................................... 172 8.1 Pesticideexpenditureanduses,1990–1991................... 199 8.2 UseofpesticidesindifferentregionsofVietNam........... 200 9.1 Ageing in rural and urban Japan as percentage of total population, 1970–2030 ......................................... 214 9.2 Transition of number of establishments in retailing industry, 1982–2004 . ........................................... 217 9.3 MembersoftheTakesumiClub............................... 221 9.4 Samples of ‘‘environment maintenance and improvements’’, 2006–2007 ...................................................... 225 10.1 BahnRuamJai’sgraduatesbyethnicity...................... 242 Figures I.1 Economic inequality (highest GNI countries and East Asia)............................................................. 9 I.2 Economic growth and welfare fulfilment ...................... 12 I.3 Economic growth and human insecurity V-curve . ............ 12 1.1 AverageagedistributionofheadsofAOfamilies ............ 33 4.1 Number of children in the surveyed households . ............ 104 4.2 Number of household members in the surveyed households ....................................................... 106 4.3 Impact of low fertility, HIV/AIDS-related mortality, and out-migration interactions on the size and proportion of the ageing population . .............................................. 110 4.4 Proportions of children, adults, and ageing in the surveyed population ....................................................... 111 6.1 Location of Chengdu (Sichuan) and Shenyang (Liaoning), China ............................................................ 146 6.2 Comparison of TSP concentrations at city centre, cultural, commercial, industrial, and suburban districts in Chengdu in winterandsummer,1991 ....................................... 148 6.3 Contribution of emission source particles to atmospheric concentration of total suspended particles (352 mg/m3 of two-year average from April 1990 to March 1992) at Chengducitycentre............................................. 149 TABLES AND FIGURES ix 6.4 Predicted rate of change (%) in atmospheric SO2 concentration in China from 1992 to 2005, calculated by the grid simulation model with 1:0 Â 1:0 resolution.............. 152 6.5 Trunk analysis according to Takao Fujimori of the Japan Forest Technology Association . ................................ 157 7.1 FlowsofASEANmigrantworkers,December2006 .......... 169 7.2 ASEAN Centre for Production and Standards of Workforce ....................................................... 186 8.1 Sectoral contribution to Vietnamese GDP, 1990–2004 . 194 8.2 Volume of pesticides (in finished form) imported into Viet Nam,1990–2002 ................................................. 197 8.3 Proportions of the 22 most frequently used pesticides in 2 villagesinDonganh,Hanoi ..................................... 201 Contributors An asterisk indicates