LANNA ARCHITECTURAL CONSERVATION: GUIDELINES FOR HISTORIC BUILDINGS IN NORTHERN THAILAND By Vitul Lieorungruang A Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Program of Architectural Heritage Management and Tourism (International Program) Graduate School SILPAKORN UNIVERSITY 2008 LANNA ARCHITECTURAL CONSERVATION: GUIDELINES FOR HISTORIC BUILDINGS IN NORTHERN THAILAND By Vitul Lieorungruang A Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Program of Architectural Heritage Management and Tourism (International Program) Graduate School SILPAKORN UNIVERSITY 2008 The Graduate School, Silpakorn University has approved and accredited the Thesis title of “Lanna Architectural Conservation: Guidelines for Historic Buildings in Northern Thailand” submitted by Mr.Vitul Lieorungruang as a partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Architectural Heritage Management and Tourism ……........................................................................ (Associate Professor Sirichai Chinatangkul, Ph.D.) Dean of Graduate School ........../..................../.......... The Thesis Advisor Professor William R.Chapman, Ph.D. The Thesis Examination Committee .................................................... Chairman (Professor Emeritus Trungjai Buranasomphob, Ph.D.) ............/......................../.............. .................................................... Member (Professor Donald Ellsmore, Ph.D.) ............/......................../.............. .................................................... Member (Professor William R.Chapman, Ph.D.) ............/......................../.............. 48056966: MAJOR: ARCHITECTURAL HERITAGE MANAGEMENT AND TOURISM KEY WORD: ARCHITECTURAL CONSERVATION, HISTORIC BUILDINGS, LANNA VITUL LIEORUNGRUANG: LANNA ARCHITECTURAL CONSERVATION: GUIDELINES FOR HISTORIC BUILDINGS IN NORTHERN THAILAND. THESIS ADVISOR: PROF. WILLIAM R. CHAPMAN, Ph.D. 156 pp. Architectural heritage conservation is universally accepted as an essential issue for people of every nation, culture and sub area. The diversity in architectural conservation, context and identity has resulted in philosophy and practice whose conservation techniques are employed to repair, preserve, but sometimes continue destruction of valuable works. Like in Northern Thailand, destruction occurs to architectural heritage as inappropriate methods and materials have been used because conservation focuses on the psychological and merits to protect their heritage rather than the disciplines of the physical fabric. Hence, this study is to focus on architectural conservation guidelines for historic buildings in the issues of investigation, materials, structural systems, and treatment, that are essential steps for conservation practice appropriateness for conservators, architects, building managers and owners as follows: a.) original and substitute techniques and materials; b.) pathologies and corrective interventions; c.) conventional threats to historic buildings; d.) adaptation of historic buildings to contemporary uses; e.) building maintenance plan; f.) preparing for a budget; g.) documentation for conservation projects; and h.) conservation policy. To revitalize deteriorated structures and the living heritage, whereby local people can make use of it and appreciate their identity, the suggested conservation practice can be adopted as one crucial way to prevent both the heritage value and the local wisdom from vanishing from the Lanna landscape. Program of Architectural Heritage Management and Tourism Graduate School, Silpakorn University Academic Year 2008 Student's signature ........................................ Thesis Advisor's signature ........................................ c Acknowledgements There were many questions about architectural conservation have considered since I started my career as a lecturer at Chiang Mai University in 1997. I became involved in conservation projects by my assigned duty, profession, own interest and curiosity. But many opportunities were offered to me from Professor Dr. Chulatat Kitibutr, Professor Vithi Panichpatra, and my colleagues from the Faculty of Architecture and Faculty of Fine Arts. There were and there are many cases of heritage buildings in Lanna appear to my profession with the involvement of many people; I would like to thank them all as they prioritized my full attention to the area of conservation. Foremost to the study, I want to thank Professor Dr. William R. Chapman my supervisor; he has been an enthusiastic supporter from the beginning to the finish, and his regular suggestions have enriched my appreciation of the architectural heritage and its practice. Thanks also to Professor Dr. Donald Ellsmore and Professor Dr. Trungjai Buranasomphob for providing invaluable guidance for this dissertation on the condition and constraint of architecture approaches in Northern Thailand. I also want to thank for their support, my dearest friend at International Program, Nantawan Muangyai for giving me patient time, commentary and support, and Worawit Ongkrutraksa for giving me coordination and comradeship. Thanks also to my co-workers at my research office - several individuals deserve special recognition such as Patama Chantraviroj, Pangwilai Jantasaw and Chanida Channanoi. I would like to give a special acknowledgment to my wife, Mrs. Araya Lieorungruang Chantraviroj, who passed away during this study and who supported and encouraged me to get my Ph.D. She cared for me and although she suffered from cancer this did not stop her being passionate to see my success. She is always in my heart. Finally, I have also been encouraged and motivated by the continuous support from the faculty associates and staff during the completion of this dissertation who have contributed in facilitating the process. I believed in the near future that my specialty will contribute to them all. d Table of Contents Page Abstract……………………………………………………………………………… c Acknowledgments………………………………………………………………….. d Table of Contents………………………………………………………………….. e List of Tables……………………………………………………………………….. g List of Figures………………………………………………………………………. h Chapter 1 Introduction………………………………………………………………… 1 Background……………………………………………………….. 1 Goals and objectives…………………………………………….. 2 Hypothesis………………………………………………………… 2 Scope of the study……………………………………………….. 2 Research methodology………………………………………….. 3 2 Literature review…………………………………………………………... 4 The architectural heritage conservation philosophy…………… 4 The architectural heritage conservation organizations……….. 9 The architectural heritage conservation management and control 14 The architectural heritage conservation guidelines…………… 17 The architectural heritage in Northern Thailand……………….. 24 3 Historic building conservation in Northern Thailand…………………… 34 Lanna customs and old structure……………………………….. 34 List of historic buildings…………………………………………… 37 Historic building conservation classification…………………… 46 Historic building types……………………………………………. 47 4 Historic building conservation and investigation………………………. 53 Common problems of historic buildings………………………… 54 Building investigation……………………………………………… 59 5 Lanna building materials…………………………………………………. 65 Wood and timber………………………………………………….. 67 Masonry……………………………………………………………. 76 Cementitious products…………………………………………… 82 Roofing materials…………………………………………………. 89 Architectural glass………………………………………………… 93 Architectural painting and coating………………………………. 97 6 Lanna building systems………………………………………………….. 103 Footings and foundations………………………………………… 103 Posts and beams…………………………………………………. 107 Floors………………………………………………………………. 111 Walls and partitions………………………………………………. 113 Roof structure……………………………………………………… 120 Ceilings…………………………………………………………….. 125 Windows and doors………………………………………………. 125 Other components………………………………………………… 128 e Chapter Page 7 Lanna building treatment…………………………………………………. 129 Restoration of old footings and foundations…………………… 129 Treatment of timber and wooden structure……………………. 131 Conservation and repair of masonry…………………………… 134 Repair and maintenance of roof………………………………… 140 Maintenance issues of heritage windows and doors…………. 142 Maintain building characteristics……………………………….. 144 Other restoration works –glass and paint……………………… 144 8 Recommendation and conclusion……………………………………….. 145 Recommendation on conservation practice and policy………. 145 Conclusion…………………………………………………………. 155 References………………………………………………………………………….. 157 Glossary…………………………………………………………………………….. 161 Biography…………………………………………………………………………… 164 f List of Tables Tables Page 1 Comparison of Western and Eastern conservation concepts.. 9 2 Historic Places and Buildings under the Ancient site, Artifact, Piece of Art Work, and National Museum Act 1961, Fine Arts Department……………………………………………. 38 3 Historic buildings as religious places…………………………… 41 4 The Association of Siamese Architect’s historic building list…. 42 5 Unlisted governmental historic buildings and structures……… 43 6 Relocation of historic buildings………………………………….. 44 7 Unlisted private historic buildings……………………………….. 45 8 Number of houses and khums as historic buildings………….. 48 9 Number of urban buildings and non-Buddhism religious buildings 49 10 Number of wooden and wooden and masonry shophouses…. 50 11 Percent of historic buildings as religious places……………… 51 12 Cracks classification…………………………………………….. 117 g List of Figures Figures Page 1 Lanna temples: vihara