The ZAPU and ZANU guerrilla warfare and the Evangelical Lutheran Church in Zimbabwe http://www.aluka.org/action/showMetadata?doi=10.5555/AL.SFF.DOCUMENT.crp3b10012 Use of the Aluka digital library is subject to Aluka’s Terms and Conditions, available at http://www.aluka.org/page/about/termsConditions.jsp. By using Aluka, you agree that you have read and will abide by the Terms and Conditions. Among other things, the Terms and Conditions provide that the content in the Aluka digital library is only for personal, non-commercial use by authorized users of Aluka in connection with research, scholarship, and education. The content in the Aluka digital library is subject to copyright, with the exception of certain governmental works and very old materials that may be in the public domain under applicable law. Permission must be sought from Aluka and/or the applicable copyright holder in connection with any duplication or distribution of these materials where required by applicable law. Aluka is a not-for-profit initiative dedicated to creating and preserving a digital archive of materials about and from the developing world. For more information about Aluka, please see http://www.aluka.org The ZAPU and ZANU guerrilla warfare and the Evangelical Lutheran Church in Zimbabwe Author/Creator Bhebe, Ngwabi Publisher Mambo Press (Gweru) Date 1999 Resource type Books Language English Subject Coverage (spatial) Zimbabwe Source Northwestern University Libraries, Melville J. Herskovits Library of African Studies, 968.9104 B575z Rights By kind permission of Ngwabi Bhebe and Mambo Press. Description This book is an analysis of the ideologies, policies and strategies of ZANU and ZAPU. It also gives a long account of Zimbabwean Lutheranism and the "Lutheran Zone" in the war. Format extent 390 pages (length/size) http://www.aluka.org/action/showMetadata?doi=10.5555/AL.SFF.DOCUMENT.crp3b10012 http://www.aluka.org Ngwabi Bhebe Ngwabi Bhebe STUDIA MISSIONALIA UPSALIENSIA LXXII The ZAPU AND ZANU Guerrilla Warfare and the Evangelical Lutheran Church in Zimbabwe by Ngwabi Bhebe Associate Professor of History UNIVERSITY OF ZIMBABWE MAMBO PRESS P.O. Box 779, Gweru, Zimbabwe Tel. 263-054-24016/7 and 25807 Fax: 263-054-21991 CJ ci ~i ~ I c 7~ ~ The Zapu and Zanu Guerrilla Warfare & the Evangelical Lutheran L The Zapu and Zanu Guerrilla Warfare & the Evangelical Lutheran Church in Zimbabwe Published in association with Studia Missionalia Upsaliensia First published 1999 ISBN 0 86922 739 4 All rights reserved. No part of this part may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise without prior permission from the publisher. Printed and published in Zimbabwe by Mambo Press, Senga Road, Gweru 1999 Contents P re face .......................................................................................................... v ii In tro d uctio n ..................................................................................................... 1 1. AN OVERVIEW OF THE WAR Introduction .................................................... 10 I. Zapu's War and The Party's Political Crisis 1964-1972 ................ 13 a) N ew C hallenges ................................................................................ 13 b) Early Venture in Zambia .................................................................. 15 c) The ZAPU-ANC Accord ................................................................... 19 d) B rief A ssessm ent ............................................................................. 24 e) The J.Z. Moyo and J.D. Chikerema Crisis and Recovery ................. 25 U. ZANU Takes the Initiative 1969-74 ........................................... 28 a) ZANU's early moves ...................................................................... 28 b) D are reChim urenga ........................................................................... 31 c) The Start of the People's War ........................................................... 35 d) The Rhodesians' Response ............................................................... 41 e) Swedish Assistance to ZANU ........................................................... 44 Ill. Converging and Contrasting Efforts 1974-79 ............................... 35 a) Introduction ....................................................................................... 35 b) Internal Strife in ZANU .................................................................... 35 c) A Renewed ZANU ........................................................................... 58 d) Consolidation of ZIPRA .................................................................. 60 e) Attempts at Co-ordination ................................................................ 61 f) Fresh ZANLA Thrusts from Mozambique ........................................ 64 g) C onclusion ......................................................................................... 68 F ootnotes ....................................................................................... 69 2. IDEOLOGIES AND STRATEGIES OF THE LIBERATION MOVEMENTS AND THE COLONIAL STATE Introduction ............................................................................................ 73 PART I I Ideologies for Combat ............................................................................ 75 a) First Representations of Socialism on the N atio nalist side ....................................................................................... 75 b) Obstacles or Partners? - the view of the Church ............................... 81 c) Christian Support for the liberation movement ................................. 88 PART II II Strategies in the W ar ................................................................... 91 a) The Decisive Choice ......................................................................... 92 b) ZANU's Popular Mobilization ......................................................... 93 c) ZAPU's Military Strategy .................................................................... 100 d) The Rhodesian Response ..................................................................... 110 C o nclusio n ........................................................................................... 114 F o o tn o tes ............................................................................................. 1 17 3. THE LUTHERAN CHURCH IN THE ZIMBABWEAN LANDSCAPE Introduction ............................................................................................... 120 I The Lutheran Church and Zimbabwean Church Geography.... 121 a) The Historical background .............................................................. 121 b) Types of Churches .......................................................................... 123 II From Swedish M ission to Zimbabwean Church. ......................... 126 Introd uction ......................................................................................... 126 a) From Zululand to Mberengwa and (Matebeleland) Beyond ........... 127 b) Towards Local Church Autonomy ................................................. 130 c) The Lutheran Episcopate ................................................................ 136 d) Lay-Resources in the Church ......................................................... 140 e) The local base of the church ........................................................... 147 C o nclusio n ...................................................................................... 15 3 F ootnotes ........................................................................................ 15 5 4. THE WAR AND THE WESTERN DEANERY Introduction ............................................................................................. 157 I The Legacy of African National Congress ........................................... 158 a) A Term of Radical Pastors ............................................................ 158 b) A Challenge to the Church ............................................................ 162 II The Church's Interaction with ZIPRA a) ZAPU Recruitment gains M omentum .................................................. 164 b) Early Encounters .................................................................................. 166 i) Kafusi Parish .................................................................................. 167 ii) Meeting ZANLA at Shashi (The Rev. Gwate and nurse M adongo from Shashi) ........................................ 168 iii) Zezane ........................................................................................... 170 iv) Gungwe .......................................................................................... 170 III The Plight of the M anam a Students ................................................ 171 a) M anama Abduction .............................................................................. 171 b) Some Immediate effects of the M anam a Abductions ........................................................................... 175 c) Continued Development at M anama .................................................... 178 Conclusion ............................................................................................ 180 Footnotes ............................................................................................. 181 5 THE WAR IN THE EASTERN DEANERY Introduction ..............................................................................................