Deninu K'ue Ethno-history Report Dated December 12, 2012 Indian Encampment (awaiting payment of treaty money) at Fort Resolution, 1924 (Retrieved from http://www.pwnhc.ca/databases/archives/Item_Display.asp?Accession_Number=G-1979- 001&Item_Number=0151) Table of Contents Methodology ........................................................................................................................................ 7 Summary of Sources ........................................................................................................................ 8 Preface .................................................................................................................................................. 9 Place Names ....................................................................................................................................... 11 Chapter I: Introduction ............................................................................................................. 13 The History of Fort Resolution and Its People ................................................................................... 13 Chapter II: Three Northern Athabascan Groups....................................................................... 21 Chipewyan Indians ............................................................................................................................. 21 Caribou Eaters and the Mountainees .................................................................................................. 24 Copper (Yellowknife) Indians ............................................................................................................ 26 Dogrib Indians .................................................................................................................................... 32 Slave Indians ...................................................................................................................................... 36 The Ethnography of the Area ............................................................................................................. 36 Kinship and Marriage Alliances .......................................................................................................... 42 The Association between Particular Caribou Herds and Distinct Local Groups ............................... 43 Conclusions ........................................................................................................................................ 45 Chapter III: The Land, the Animals, and the People ................................................................ 47 The Barren Lands ............................................................................................................................... 48 The Caribou (or Reindeer) ................................................................................................................. 53 The Caribou Hunt ............................................................................................................................... 59 Caribou as a Food Source .................................................................................................................... 65 Use of the Caribou in the Material Culture of the Athabascans ............................................................ 69 Animals as a Food Source .................................................................................................................. 73 Geese .............................................................................................................................................. 74 Ptarmigan ....................................................................................................................................... 76 Beaver ............................................................................................................................................ 77 Muskrat .......................................................................................................................................... 80 Arctic and Snowshoe Hares ........................................................................................................... 82 Fish ................................................................................................................................................. 83 Moose ............................................................................................................................................. 89 Muskox ........................................................................................................................................... 92 Animals as an Economic Resource .................................................................................................... 95 Deninu K’ue Ethno-history Report – De Beers Canada, Gahcho Kué Arctic Fox ....................................................................................................................................... 96 Red Fox .......................................................................................................................................... 99 Wolverine ..................................................................................................................................... 104 Muskox ......................................................................................................................................... 111 Animals of the Transitional Forest ............................................................................................... 115 Modes of Transportation .................................................................................................................. 117 Snowshoes .................................................................................................................................... 117 Canoes .......................................................................................................................................... 118 Sleighs and Dog Teams ................................................................................................................ 123 Snow Machines ............................................................................................................................ 127 Ice Roads and Pickup Trucks ....................................................................................................... 128 Airplanes ...................................................................................................................................... 130 Conclusion ....................................................................................................................................... 132 Chapter IV: Historic Use of the Barren Lands ....................................................................... 133 1770–1799 ........................................................................................................................................ 133 1800–1809 ........................................................................................................................................ 144 1810–1819 ........................................................................................................................................ 145 1820–1829 ........................................................................................................................................ 148 1830–1839 ........................................................................................................................................ 164 1840–1849 ........................................................................................................................................ 167 1850–1859 ........................................................................................................................................ 168 1860–1879: Missionary Records of Émile Petitot, OMI .................................................................. 171 1880–1889 ........................................................................................................................................ 178 1890–1899 ........................................................................................................................................ 183 1900–1909 ........................................................................................................................................ 186 1910–1919 ........................................................................................................................................ 192 1920–1929 ........................................................................................................................................ 195 1920–1939: Forcing First Nations off the Land to Make Way for Industry .................................... 198 1920–1939: The Thelon Game Sanctuary ........................................................................................ 214 1930–1939 ........................................................................................................................................ 219 1940–1949 ........................................................................................................................................ 220 1950–1959 ........................................................................................................................................ 222 1950–1959: Organized Caribou Hunts ............................................................................................