Cultural Heritage Baseline Report Prepared for: S.C. ROŞIA MONTANĂ GOLD CORPORATION S.A. Prepared by: STANTEC CONSULTING Environmental Impact Study: Cultural Heritage Baseline Report TABLE OF CONTENTS: 1 Introduction .................................................................................................................. 7 1.1 Purpose and Scope .............................................................................................. 7 1.2 Baseline Context................................................................................................... 8 1.3 Project Summary .................................................................................................. 8 1.3.1 Designated Cultural Heritage ............................................................................ 8 1.3.1.1 International Designations.......................................................................... 9 1.3.1.2 National Designations ................................................................................ 9 1.3.1.3 Local Designations................................................................................... 10 1.4 Regional Historical Context................................................................................. 10 1.4.1 Local History of Roşia Montană ...................................................................... 13 1.4.2 Pre-Roman/Dacian Period (Before 100 A.D.) ................................................. 13 1.4.3 Roman Period (106-300 A.D.)......................................................................... 13 1.4.4 Age of Migration (300-1100 A.D.).................................................................... 15 1.4.5 Medieval Period (1100-1500 A.D.) .................................................................. 15 1.4.6 Late Medieval/Modern Period (1500-1900 A.D.)............................................. 16 1.4.7 Modern/Contemporary Period (1900-present) ................................................ 17 1.4.8 Ethnology of Roşia Montană ........................................................................... 18 1.5 Cultural Landscape ............................................................................................. 18 1.5.1 Physical Landscape ........................................................................................ 20 1.5.2 Natural Monuments ......................................................................................... 21 1.5.3 Climate ............................................................................................................ 21 1.5.4 Geology ........................................................................................................... 21 1.5.5 Land Uses ....................................................................................................... 22 1.5.6 Settlement Patterns......................................................................................... 22 1.5.7 Afforested Zones ............................................................................................. 23 1.5.8 Employment .................................................................................................... 24 1.5.8.1 Regional Economy ................................................................................... 24 1.5.8.2 Local Economy......................................................................................... 25 1.5.9 Existing Tourism.............................................................................................. 28 2 The Cultural Heritage Research Methodology ........................................................... 29 2.1 The Archaeological Research Team................................................................... 29 2.1.1 Government Involvement ................................................................................ 31 2.1.2 Surface Archaeology Investigation Team........................................................ 31 2.1.3 Underground Mining Works Investigation Team ............................................. 31 2.2 Architecture and Urban Setting Investigation Team ........................................... 32 2.3 Churches and Cemeteries Investigation Team................................................... 32 2.4 Ethnological Investigation Investigation Team.................................................... 32 2.5 Oral History Investigation Team.......................................................................... 32 3 Funding and Legislative Compliance ......................................................................... 33 4 Research methodology .............................................................................................. 34 4.1 Architecture and Urban Setting........................................................................... 34 4.2 Churches and Cemeteries .................................................................................. 35 4.3 The Archaeological Programme ......................................................................... 36 4.3.1 Archaeological Assessment (2000)................................................................. 37 4.3.1.1 Literature and Historical Map Review (Background)................................ 37 4.3.1.2 Aerial Reconnaissance ............................................................................ 38 4.3.1.3 Field Reconnaissance.............................................................................. 38 4.3.1.4 Geophysics .............................................................................................. 38 4.3.1.5 Ground Sondages .................................................................................... 39 4.3.1.6 Maps and Plans ....................................................................................... 39 4.3.1.7 Underground Survey ................................................................................ 40 4.3.2 Investigation and Evaluation (2000-2006)....................................................... 40 4.3.2.1 Surface Archaeology................................................................................ 40 iii Environmental Impact Study: Cultural Heritage Baseline Report 4.3.2.2 The Database for Recording the Archaeological Discoveries from Roşia Montană ................................................................................................... 47 4.3.2.3 Mining Exploration, Investigations, and Researches ............................... 48 4.4 Oral History Archive ............................................................................................ 54 4.5 Additional Documentary Research ..................................................................... 55 5 Results ....................................................................................................................... 56 5.1 Architecture and urban setting ............................................................................ 56 5.1.1 Urban Setting of Roşia Montană Village ......................................................... 56 5.1.1.1 The Town Square..................................................................................... 57 5.1.1.2 Dwellings.................................................................................................. 57 5.1.2 Corna Village................................................................................................... 58 5.1.3 House Typology in Roşia Montană and Corna................................................ 59 5.1.4 Building Materials and Engineering................................................................. 60 5.1.5 Historical and Protected Buildings................................................................... 62 5.2 Churches and Cemeteries .................................................................................. 62 5.2.1.1 Orthodox Church - Corna......................................................................... 64 5.2.1.2 Greek-Catholic Church – Roşia Montană ................................................ 64 5.2.1.3 Romanian Orthodox Church - Roşia Montană ......................................... 65 5.2.1.4 Greek Catholic Church - Corna................................................................ 65 5.2.1.5 Roman Catholic Church - Roşia Montană................................................ 66 5.2.1.6 Unitarian Church - Roşia Montană........................................................... 67 5.2.1.7 Reformed Church - Roşia Montană ......................................................... 67 5.2.1.8 Baptist Prayer House #1 - Corna ............................................................. 67 5.2.1.9 Baptist Prayer House #2 - Corna ............................................................. 68 5.2.1.10 Pentecostal Prayer House - Roşia Montană ............................................ 68 5.3 Archaeological Heritage...................................................................................... 69 5.3.1 Archaeological Structures ............................................................................... 71 5.3.1.1 Habitation ................................................................................................. 71 5.3.1.2 Sacred Areas ........................................................................................... 74 5.3.2 Funerary Structures......................................................................................... 75 5.3.2.1 Necropolises ............................................................................................ 75 5.3.2.2