Reproductive System •• Ovaries •• Oviducts •• Uterus •• Vagina •• Vulva VULVA OVIDUCTS •• Mons Pubis UTERUS •• The Labia •• Myometrium •• Clitoris •• Endometrium •• Vestibule •• VAGINA OVARIAN FOLLICLE (Follicular Phase) LUTEAL PHASE • Oogonia • Granulosa and • Primary oocyte thecal form • Primordial follicle Corpus luteum • Primary follicle • Hypertrophy • Secondary follicle • Secondary follicle • Degeneration • Tertiary follicle • Corpus albicans • Mature follicle – plasminogen activating factor 1 ENDOMETRIAL CYCLE Cervical Mucus Cycle • Menstrual phase • Proliferative / Thin,Watery, and Alkaline--Estrogen Estrogen demand phase • Secretory / Thick, Viscous, and Acidic--Progesterone Progesterone demand phase BREAST CYCLE Primary Sex Characteristics Secondary Characteristics • Growth & maintenance of reproductive tract • Skeletal system • Vaginal epithelium thickness – Osteoporosis, Pelvis shape • Endometrium proliferation • Muscle • Myometrium excitability • Increase fat deposition • Motility of oviducts • Breasts-deposition of fat, stimulate ductile • Skin softening and vascularization system development • Increase HDL, decrease LDL • Thinning cervical mucus • Increase production of clotting • Formation of L.H. receptors on granulosa cells factors • Not much influence on hair, libido ? 2 Progesterone Functions Regulation of Female Cycle • Uterine effects – Endometrium – Myometrium • Breasts – Lobules – Alveoli • Cervix • Electrolytes • Body Temperature Ovulation Birth Control PHARMACOLOGY • Inhibit ovulation • Barrier methods • Chemical ESTRADIOL (Climara) (Estrase) • Sterilization CONJUGATED ESTROGENS (Premarin) • Prevent implantation PROGESTIN (Provera) (Cycrin) • Rhythm COMBINATION (Prempro) 3 Implantation • Assisted transport up oviducts • Fertilization • Enter uterus • Implantation • Trophoblastic cells attach • Placenta • Hormones of pregnancy Human Chorionic Gondadotropin MATERNAL MALE FETUS • Similar to LH • Androgens from testis • Causes corpus luteum needed for gonadal sex to grow • Anterior pituitary not • Increased estrogen and developed yet, so no LH progesterone • HCG induces fetal testis • Overall: increases to release androgen viability and promotes life of corpus luteum MOTHER PLACENTA FETUS (adrenal) ESTROGENS cholesterol cholesterol cholesterol • 1st trimester from corpus luteum pregnenolone • 2nd and 3rd placenta • 2nd and 3rd placenta progesterone D.H.E.A. D.H.E.A. Concept of Fetoplacental Unit androstendione Estradiol Estradiol, estrone (liver) Estrone 16-OH D.H.E.A. 16-OH D.H.E.A. Estriol Estriol 4 Placental Estrogens Placental Progesterone • Decidual cells produce nutrients •Enlarge external genitalia •Enlarge uterus • Cortisol and aldosterone synthesis •Enlargement of breasts and growth of ductile system • Decreases myometrial activity •Relaxation of the public ligaments • Inhibits oxytocin sensitivity • Decreases prostaglandin activity • Development of alveolar pouches • Thickening of cervical plug • Stimulates maternal respiratory center HCS and RELAXIN PARTUITION Human Chorionic Somatomammotropin Hormonal Factors • Progesterone and • Prepare for lactation estrogen ratios • Increase fetal somatomedins • Oxytocin • Decrease insulin sensitivity • Prostaglandins Relaxin • Fetal Endocrine • Relax pelvic floor Signals Mechanical factors • Soften cervix Mechanical factors • Reduce myometrial contractions LACTATION PATHOLOGIES Athletic Menstrual Irregularity (AMI) • Estrogen Endometriosis • Progesterone • Retrograde menstrual theory • Prolactin • Embryogenic implantation • HCS (HPL) • Endometrial metastasis • Oxytocin Ectopic pregnancy • Colostrum Dysmenorrhea PMS (Premenstrual Syndrome) 5 PATHOLOGIES OSTEOPOROSIS Pathology Pharmacology (EVISTA) (FOSAMAX) (MIACALCIN) 6.