JAPANESE CULTURAL WESTERNIZATION IN THE 1920s AS REFLECTED THROUGH THE MAIN CHARACTERS IN JUNICHIRO TANIZAKI’S NAOMI AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Sarjana Sastra in English Letters By FRANCISCA NUGRAHENI ROSARI WULAN Student Number: 064214056 ENGLISH LETTERS STUDY PROGRAMME DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS FACULTY OF LETTERS SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY YOGYAKARTA 2010 JAPANESE CULTURAL WESTERNIZATION IN THE 1920s AS REFLECTED THROUGH THE MAIN CHARACTERS IN JUNICHIRO TANIZAKI’S NAOMI AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Sarjana Sastra in English Letters By FRANCISCA NUGRAHENI ROSARI WULAN Student Number: 064214056 ENGLISH LETTERS STUDY PROGRAMME DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS FACULTY OF LETTERS SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY YOGYAKARTA 2010 i “Success is not measured by what you accomplish, but by the opposition you have encountered, and the courage with which you have maintained the struggle against overwhelming odds.” (Orison Swett Marden ) iv This Undergraduate Thesis is dedicated to: Jesus Christ and Mother Mary My Beloved Parents, Fx. Rustamanto & My. Sri Utami My sister, Maria Ika Widiyawati My brother, Timotius Dudik My brother, Andreas Novianto Heru Utomo My nephews and nieces: Marcell, Monic, Ave, Samuel My beloved boyfriend, Dian Saputra v ACKNOWLEDMENTS First of all I would like to express my deepest gratitude to Jesus Christ and mother Mary. Without all the guidance, opportunities and blessings, I will not be able to finish my thesis. Secondly, I want to thank my advisor Ni Luh Putu Rosiandani, S.S, M. Hum and my co-advisor Drs. Hirmawan Wijanarka, M. Hum, for all their advise and guidance. I would also like to express my gratitude to my beloved parents (Fx. Rustamanto and My. Sri Utami) for the love, prayers, support, both financial and spiritual. For my older sister and brothers; Ika, Dudik and Antok, thanks for the love, support and help. Next, I thank Dian Saputra who always loves and supports me. I would also like to thank all my best friends: Gaby, Tuwik, Kethut, Sukma, Ratri, Asthy, Gentur, Handoko, Yuni, Aan, Nining, Lusi, Kurni; all my friends in English Letters; all my friends in Gondang church; and all my friends in Voces Angelorum Choir, for their support. The next gratitude goes to all secretariat staff members in the English Letters and all the library staffs of Sanata Dharma University. I thank them for their good services. Francisca Nugraheni Rosari Wulan vii TABLE OF CONTENTS TITLE PAGE …………………………………………………………… …. i APPROVAL PAGE …………………………………………………………. ii ACCEPTANCE PAGE ……………………………………………………… iii MOTTO PAGE ……………………………………………………...........…. iv DEDICATION PAGE ……………………………………………................. v Lembar Pernyataan Persetujuan Publikasi Karya Ilmiah ………................. vi ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS………………………………………................. vii TABLE OF CONTENTS …………………………………………................ viii ABSTRACT ……………………………………………………………......... ix ABSTRAK ………………………………………………..……………........... x CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION ………………………..……………......... 1 A. Background of the Study……………………………………......... 1 B. Problem Formulation…………………………………………….. 3 C. Objectives of the Study…………………………………………... 3 D. Definition of Terms………………………………………………. 4 CHAPTER II: THEORETICAL REVIEW…………………….................. 5 A. Review of Related Studies……………………………………….. 5 B. Review of Related Theories…………………………………........ 7 1. Theory of Character……………………………...................... 7 2. Theory of Characterization………………………………....... 8 3. Theory of Literature and Society………………….................. 12 C. Review of Japanese Society after the Arrival of European Countries…………………………………………………………. 13 1. Edo or Tokugawa Period (100-1868)……………………......... 13 2. Meiji Period (1868-1912)………………………....................... 14 3. The Changes of Japanese Society in 1920s…………………… 17 D. Theoretical Framework…………………………………………… 23 CHAPTER III: METHODOLOGY ………………………………………… 24 A. Object of the Study……………………………………………….. 24 B. Approach of the Study…………………………….……................ 25 C. Method of the Study……………………….……………………... 26 CHAPTER IV: ANALYSIS ……………………………………………........ 27 A. The Description of the Main Characters………………................. 27 1. The Description of Kawai Joji…………………….................. 27 2. The Description of Naomi………………...………………….. 36 B. The 1920s Japanese Cultural Westernization of the Main Characters …………………………………………………………………..... 47 1. The Japanese Cultural Westernization of Kawai Joji...………. 48 2. The Japanese Cultural Westernization of Naomi……………... 58 viii CHAPTER V: CONCLUSION …………………………………………….. 67 BIBLIOGRAPHY ………………………………………………………........ 70 APPENDIX: Summary of Junichiro Tanizaki’s Naomi ………………….. 73 ix ABSTRACT FRANSISCA NUGRAHENI ROSARI WULAN. Japanese Cultural Westernization in the 1920s as Reflected through the Main Characters in Junichiro Tanizaki’s Naomi . Yogyakarta: Department of English Letters, Faculty of Letters, Sanata Dharma University, 2010. This undergraduate thesis focuses on the novel Naomi written by Junichiro Tanizaki. This novel reflects the real condition of Japanese society in 1920s as the impact of Westernization. The main characters in the novel Naomi reflect the cultural Westernization in 1920s Japanese society. There are two objectives that the writer wants to achieve in this study. First is to find out the description of the main characters: Kawai Joji and Naomi; second is to find out the Japanese cultural Westernization in the 1920s of the main characters. To analyze the text, the writer uses the library research method. The review of related studies, theories, and the review of Japanese society after the arrival of European countries needed in this study were gathered from library research and online sites. The writer considered that the socio-cultural historical approach was appropriate to be applied in this study because the novel tells about the Japanese society in the twentieth century. By applying this approach, the writer can reveal the Japanese cultural Westernization in the 1920s. In the analysis, the writer finds that Kawai Joji is characterized as being modern and traditional. He is described as a modern man because he refuses several traditional principles of Japanese society. He is described as a traditional man because he still holds a certain traditional Japanese principle. Naomi is described as a Japanese woman who changes from being traditional into being modern. The characterizations of Kawai Joji and Naomi reflect the 1920s’ Japan cultural Westernization. The cultural Westernization of 1920s Japanese society is seen from the changes of traditional ideas of life, the traditional custom of Japan, and the changes of Japanese’s behavior in the social life. The cultural Westernization is seen from the new ideas from the Western country which are held by Joji and Naomi. The new ideas are about the perception of Westerners and high class society; the new concept of marriage which is based on love; the idea that women should be as equal as men; and the idea that women should be modern as well as traditional. The cultural Westernization is also seen from the changes of Naomi’s appearance and behavior. x ABSTRAK FRANSISCA NUGRAHENI ROSARI WULAN. Japanese Cultural Westernization in the 1920s as Reflected through the Main Characters in Junichiro Tanizaki’s Naomi . Yogyakarta: Jurusan Sastra Inggris, Fakultas Sastra, Universitas Sanata Dharma, 2010. Skripsi ini berfokus pada novel Naomi yang ditulis oleh Junichiro Tanizaki. Novel tersebut menggambarkan keadaan Masyarakat Jepang pada abad 20 sebagai dampak dari Westernisasi. Karakter utama dalam novel Naomi menggambarkan Westernisasi budaya masyarakat Jepang di abad 20. Ada dua tujuan yang ingin dicapai oleh penulis dalam analisis ini. Pertama adalah menemukan sifat karakter-karakter utama, yang diperankan oleh Kawai Joji dan Naomi; yang ke dua adalah menjelaskan bagaimana karakter utama menggambarkan Westernisasi budaya pada masyarakat Jepang di tahun 1920an. Untuk menganalisis teks ini, penulis mnggunakan metode penelitian perpustakaan. Tinjauan pustaka, teori-teori, dan sejarah masyarakat Jepang setelah kedatangan bangsa Eropa yang dibutuhkan dalam skripsi ini diperoleh dari penelitian buku-buku di perpustakaan dan situs-situs internet. Penulis memutuskan bahwa pendekatan sosiokultural-historis baik untuk diterapkan dalam skripsi ini karena novel tersebut menggambarkan tentang kondisi masyarakat Jepang di abad 20. Dengan menerapkan pendekatan ini, penulis dapat mengungkapkan Westernisasi budaya masyarakat Jepang in tahun 1920an. Dalam analisis, penulis menemukan bahwa Kawai Joji digambarkan sebagai pria Jepang yang modern dan tradisional. Dia digambarkan sebagai pria yang modern karena dia menolak beberapa prinsip tradisional masyarakat Jepang. Dia juga digambarkan sebagai pria yang tradisional karena masih memegang prinsip tradisional tertentu mengenai masyarakat Jepang. Naomi digambarkan sebagai wanita Jepang yang mengalami perubahan dari wanita yang tradisional menjadi wanita yang moderen. Karakterisasi Kawai Joji dan Naomi menggambarkan Westernisasi budaya masyarakat Jepang di tahun 1920an. Westernisasi budaya masyarakat Jepang di tahun 1920an terlihat dari perubahan gagasan-gagasan tradisional mengenai kehidupan, adat-istiadat Jepang, dan perubahan tingkah laku masyarakat Jepang dalam kehidupan sosial. Westernisasi budaya terlihat dari gagasan-gagasan baru dari bangsa Barat yang dipegang oleh Joji dan Naomi. Gagasan-gagasan baru tersebut adalah mengenai