2020-2025 Keweenaw Bay Indian Community Hazard Mitigation Plan [DRAFT] PAGE LEFT INTENTIONALLY BLANK Keweenaw Bay Indian Community Hazard Mitigation Plan Table of Contents SECTION 1: Acknowledgements ................................................................................................ 1 SECTION 2: Resolutions of Adoption and Final FEMA Letter of Transmittal .................... 2 SECTION 3: Preface .................................................................................................................... 3 SECTION 4: Executive Summary ............................................................................................... 4 SECTION 5: Plan Authority and Purpose of the KBIC-HMP ................................................ 6 What is a Hazard? ............................................................................................................... 6 What is Mitigation?............................................................................................................. 7 SECTION 6: Community Profile ................................................................................................ 8 Population and Demographics .......................................................................................... 16 Employment and Industry ................................................................................................. 17 Housing, Infrastructure and Land Use .............................................................................. 19 Emergency Services, Law Enforcement, and Medical Facilities ..................................... 22 Cultural Resources ............................................................................................................ 24 Critical Facilities and Cultural Assets............................................................................... 25 Other Cultural Assets .................................................................................................. 27 SECTION 7: Planning Process .................................................................................................. 29 SECTION 8: Climate Change Considerations in Keweenaw Bay Indian Community ....... 32 Climate Change and the Great Lakes................................................................................ 32 Climate Change and Natural Hazards ............................................................................... 33 SECTION 9: Hazard Analysis ................................................................................................... 34 Study Area ........................................................................................................................ 34 Natural Hazards: Weather Hazards ................................................................................... 35 Extreme Temperatures ................................................................................................ 35 Fog .............................................................................................................................. 41 Hail .............................................................................................................................. 43 Ice and Sleet Storms.................................................................................................... 45 Lightning ..................................................................................................................... 48 Severe Winds .............................................................................................................. 50 Snowstorms and Blizzards .......................................................................................... 52 Tornadoes .................................................................................................................... 56 Hydrological Hazards ....................................................................................................... 60 Dam Failures ............................................................................................................... 61 Riverine and Urban Flooding...................................................................................... 66 Shoreline Flooding and Erosion.................................................................................. 73 Drought ....................................................................................................................... 75 Ecological Hazards ........................................................................................................... 77 Wildfires ..................................................................................................................... 77 Invasive Species .......................................................................................................... 80 Wildlife Health Hazards ............................................................................................. 86 Ecosystem Health Hazards ......................................................................................... 89 iii Keweenaw Bay Indian Community Hazard Mitigation Plan Geological Hazards ........................................................................................................... 91 Earthquakes ................................................................................................................. 92 Subsidence (Ground Collapse) ................................................................................... 93 Technological Hazards: Industrial Hazards ...................................................................... 95 Scrap Tire Fire ............................................................................................................ 96 Structural Fires ............................................................................................................ 97 Hazardous Materials: Fixed Site Incident ................................................................... 99 Hazardous Materials: Transportation Accident ........................................................ 101 Petroleum and Natural Gas Incidents ....................................................................... 102 Infrastructure Hazards ..................................................................................................... 104 Infrastructure Failures and Secondary Technological Hazards ................................ 105 Transportation Accidents .......................................................................................... 107 Human-Related Hazards ................................................................................................. 108 Civil Disturbances ..................................................................................................... 109 Public Health Emergencies ....................................................................................... 110 Sabotage and Terrorism ............................................................................................ 115 SECTION 10: Risk Assessment ............................................................................................... 118 Hazard Priority Risk Index and Ranking ........................................................................ 120 PRI Results................................................................................................................ 124 SECTION 11: Hazard Mitigation ........................................................................................... 128 Overview of Mitigation Strategy Development .............................................................. 128 Development of Mitigation Goals .................................................................................. 130 Capability Assessment .................................................................................................... 130 Mitigating Hazards in Keweenaw Bay Indian Community ............................................ 135 Mitigation Resources ...................................................................................................... 139 Updating the 2020 Keweenaw Bay Indian Community Hazard Mitigation Plan ........... 140 SECTION 12: Action Plan ....................................................................................................... 141 Appendix .................................................................................................................................... 154 iv Keweenaw Bay Indian Community Hazard Mitigation Plan Table of Figures Figure 6.1: Age Groups of L’Anse Reservation and Off-Reservation Trust Lands, 2014-2018 .. 17 Figure 9.1: NOAA’s National Weather Service Heat Index Chart ............................................... 36 Table of Maps Map 6.1: Wetlands in KBIC, Baraga County ............................................................................... 10 Map 6.2: Watersheds and Water Bodies in KBIC, Baraga County .............................................. 11 Map 6.3: Geology in KBIC, Baraga County................................................................................. 13 Map 6.4: Topography of KBIC, Baraga County........................................................................... 14 Map 6.5: Soil Types in KBIC, Baraga County ............................................................................. 15 Map 6.6: Land Cover Types in KBIC, Baraga County................................................................. 20 Table of Tables Table 6.1: Employment by Sector in L’Anse Reservation