2016 The eff ects of concurrent prescription of benzodiazepines for people undergoing opioid maintenance treatment Systematic review Title The effects of concurrent prescription of benzodiazepines for people undergoing opioid maintenance treatment: A systematic review Norwegian title Effekten av samtidig forskrivning av benzodiazepiner for personer i legemiddelassistert rehabilitering: En systematisk oversikt Publisher Norwegian Institute of Public Health (Folkehelseinstituttet) Camilla Stoltenberg, Director‐General Authors Kristoffer Yunpeng Ding, project leader, researcher, Norwegian Institute of Public Health Annhild Mosdøl, senior researcher, Norwegian Institute of Public Health Laila Hov, senior researcher, Norwegian Institute of Public Health Gyri Hval Staumann, research Librarian, Norwegian Institute of Public Health Gunn Elisabeth Vist, Unit leader, Norwegian Institute of Public Health ISBN 978‐82‐8082‐798‐2 Type of report Systematic review No. of pages 24 (31 including appendices) Client Norwegian Directorate of Health Subject heading (MeSH) Benzodiazepines, Opiate maintenance treatment, Methadone Citation Ding KY, Mosdøl A, Hov L, Staumann GH, Vist GE. The effects of concurrent prescription of benzodiazepines for people undergoing opioid maintenance treatment: A systematic review. Report 2016. Oslo: Norwegian Institute of Public Health, 2016. Forsidebilde Colourbox.com 3 Table of contents Table of contents TABLE OF CONTENTS 4 KEY MESSAGES 5 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 6 HOVEDBUDSKAP (NORSK) 8 SAMMENDRAG (NORSK) 9 PREFACE 11 INTRODUCTION 12 METHOD 14 Inclusion criteria 14 Literature search 15 Article selection and assessment 15 Assessment of risk of bias in included studies 15 Data extraction 16 Analyses 17 Assessment of quality of evidence 17 RESULTS 18 Description of studies 18 DISCUSSION 20 Key findings summary 20 Strengths and weaknesses 20 Consistency with other literature 20 Identified research gaps 20 CONCLUSION 22 REFERENCES 23 APPENDICES 25 Appendix 1. Search strategy 25 Appendix 2. Excluded studies 32 4 Table of contents Key messages Opioid maintenance treatment uses long‐acting opiates to Title: reduce an opioid dependent person’s urge to take illicit opioid The effects of concurrent prescription substances. Opioid‐dependent persons are likely to experience of benzodiazepines for people under- elevated levels of anxiety and sleep disturbance. Therefore, going opioid maintenance treatment: A systematic review patients undergoing opioid maintenance treatment often use ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ medications containing benzodiazepines, both prescribed by a doctor and from the illegal market, to alleviate these problems. Type of publication: Concurrent use of benzodiazepines during opioid maintenance Systematic review treatment raise a concern. A review of a clearly formulated ques- tion that uses systematic and explicit methods to identify, select, and criti- This systematic review aimed to summarize the effects of cally appraise relevant research, and concurrent prescription of benzodiazepines among people who to collect and analyse data from the receive opioid maintenance treatment. studies that are included in the review. Statistical methods (meta-analysis) may or may not be used to analyse After a systematic literature search we did not find any studies and summarise the results of the in- that could answer this question. cluded studies. ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ Experimental studies with controlled use of benzodiazepines are Doesn’t answer everything: needed to elucidate the effects and consequences of taking ben‐ - Excluded studies are not evaluated zodiazepines during opioid maintenance treatment. - No recommendation - No cost-effectiveness evaluation ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ Publisher: Norwegian Institute of Public Health ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ Updated: Last search for studies: July, 2016. ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ Internal peer review: Rigmor C. Berg, Section leader, NIPH Atle Fretheim, Section leader, NIPH Liv M. Reinar, Section leader, NIPH ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ External peer review: Brittelise Bakstad, Helsedirektoratet Gabrielle Welle-Strand, Helsedirekto- ratet 5 Key messages Executive summary Background In Opioid Maintenance Treatment patients receive long‐acting opioids as a substitute for heroin and other common illegally used opioids. People with opioid dependence are likely to experience elevated levels of anxiety and sleep disturbance. Therefore, benzo‐ diazepines are often prescribed for these patients to alleviate such problems. Mean‐ while, benzodiazepines are readily available on the illicit street market and are in high risk to be misused. Several studies find that concurrent prescription of benzodiaze‐ pines during opioid maintenance treatment is associated with more drug abuse and de‐ pendence. Prolonged use of benzodiazepines may result in anxiety and mental health problems, and increased risk of personal injury. However, the evidence is mostly de‐ scriptive and does not distinguish between prescribed versus illicitly procured benzo‐ diazepines. Objective The purpose of this systematic review is to assess the effects of concurrent benzodiaze‐ pines prescription among people who receive opioid maintenance treatment (i.e. meth‐ adone, buprenorphine or buprenorphine combined with naloxone). Method We first searched for systematic reviews that could answer our research question in the following databases: Epistemonikos, Cochrane Library (CDSR, DARE, HTA), MED‐ LINE (Ovid), PubMed [sb] and Embase (Ovid). Thereafter, we searched for primary studies to conduct a systematic review to summarize the available evidence. Randomized and non‐randomized controlled trials, controlled before‐and‐after studies and interrupted time series were included as relevant study designs. The target popula‐ tion was people 18 years or older who received substitution treatment with metha‐ done, buprenorphine or buprenorphine combined with naloxone for opioid depend‐ ence. Relevant intervention was prescription of benzodiazepines as compared with no prescription of benzodiazepines. The outcomes of interest were retention in treatment, patients’ satisfaction, opioid use (self‐report or biological test), other substance use (self‐report or biological test), extent of anxiety and depression, sleep disorders, mor‐ tality, side effects (overdose, injury and use of hospital emergency) and criminal of‐ fenses. 6 Executive summary We carried out a systematic search for literature, with no limit of publication time or language, in Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), MEDLINE (Ovid), PubMed [sb], Embase (Ovid), CINAHL (EBSCO) and PsycINFO. Three authors evaluated the references based on the title and abstract, in pairs independently of each other (Kristoffer Yunpeng Ding evaluated all, Annhild Mosdøl and Laila Hov half each). Potentially relevant references were read in full‐text (Kristoffer Yunpeng Ding evalu‐ ated all, Annhild Mosdøl and Laila Hov half each). We planned to assess the risk of bias, synthesize the data if possible and use the GRADE method (Grading of Recommenda‐ tion Assessment, Development and Evaluation) to assess our confidence in the esti‐ mated effects. Results The literature search for systematic reviews identified 998 titles and abstracts. No sys‐ tematic reviews were relevant for this topic after screening. The search for primary studies identified 3696 references. We considered eight refer‐ ences as potentially relevant and read them in full‐text. However, none of these refer‐ ences met our inclusion criteria. Discussion We did not find any relevant systematic reviews, clinical trials or controlled studies meeting our inclusion criteria. Experimental studies with controlled use of benzodiazepines are needed to evaluate the effects and consequences of benzodiazepines prescription during opioid mainte‐ nance treatment. We suggest the following outcomes: drug retention rates and abuse; patient satisfaction; mental health; sleep disorders; side effects and criminal behav‐ iours. Conclusion We found no controlled studies focusing on the effects and consequences of concurrent benzodiazepines prescription during opioid maintenance treatment. 7 Executive summary Hovedbudskap (norsk) I legemiddelassistert rehabilitering får personer Tittel: med opioidavhengighet langtidsvirkende opiater Effekten av samtidig foreskrivning av som kan tas peroralt for at de skal få redusert benzodiazepiner for personer i lege- trang til å ta illegale opioider. Personer med opio‐ middelassistert rehabilitering: En sys- idavhengighet har ofte et høyt nivå av angst og tematisk oversikt søvnforstyrrelser. En del pasienter i legemiddel‐ ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ assistert rehabilitering bruker legemidler med Publikasjonstype: benzodiazepiner for å lette disse plagene, både Systematisk Oversikt forskrevet fra lege og fra det ulovlig markedet. En systematisk oversikt er resultatet Slik bruk, og misbruk, av benzodiazepiner regnes av å – innhente, - kritisk vurdere og som et problem. - sammenfatte relevante forsknings- resultater ved hjelp av forhåndsdefi- Målet med denne systematiske oversikten er å nerte og eksplisitte metoder. oppsummere effekten av å forskrive benzodiaze‐ ------------------------------------------ piner til pasienter som mottar legemiddelassis‐ Svarer ikke på alt: tert rehabilitering. - Ingen studier utenfor de eksplisitte inklusjonskriteriene Etter å ha gjennomført et systematisk