A unified account of binary and ternary stress A unified account of binary and ternary stress Considerations from Sentani and Finnish Een unificerende analyse van binaire en ternaire klemtoon Overwegingen uit het Sentani en Fins (met een samenvatting in het Nederlands) Proefschrift ter verkrijging van de graad van doctor aan de Universiteit Utrecht op gezag van de Rector Magnificus, prof. dr. H.O. Voorma ingevolge het besluit van het College van Promoties in het openbaar te verdedigen op vrijdag 5 februari 1999 des middags te 12.45 door Nine Elenbaas Geboren op 24 januari 1967, te Rotterdam Promotor: Prof. dr. W. Zonneveld Co-promotor: Dr. R.W.J. Kager Dit onderzoek is mede mogelijk gemaakt door een financiële bijdrage van de Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek (NWO) en de stichting voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek van de Tropen (WOTRO). ISBN 90-5569-065-1 1999 by Nine Elenbaas. All rights reserved. Printed in the Netherlands Contents ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS.....................................................................................ix 1 INTRODUCTION..................................................................................................1 1.1 INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................1 1.2 DEFINING ‘BINARITY’ AND ‘TERNARITY’...........................................................2 1.3 SOURCES OF TERNARITY ...................................................................................3 1.4 OPTIMALITY THEORY........................................................................................6 1.5 SENTANI AND FINNISH.......................................................................................7 1.6 QUANTITY SENSITIVITY .....................................................................................9 1.7 RHYTHM AND THE METRICAL GRID .................................................................11 1.8 VARIATION......................................................................................................14 1.9 VARIATION AND OUTPUT-OUTPUT CORRESPONDENCE.....................................16 1.10 THIS THESIS....................................................................................................17 2 THEORETICAL ASSUMPTIONS ....................................................................19 2.1 INTRODUCTION ...............................................................................................19 2.2 METRICAL REPRESENTATIONS.........................................................................19 2.3 PREVIOUS ANALYSES OF TERNARITY ...............................................................21 2.4 OPTIMALITY THEORY......................................................................................26 2.4.1 Gen...........................................................................................................28 2.4.2 Con...........................................................................................................28 2.4.3 Eval ..........................................................................................................29 2.5 ALIGNMENT ....................................................................................................31 2.6 BINARY FEET AND *FTFT ................................................................................33 2.7 CORRESPONDENCE THEORY ...........................................................................35 2.8 OUTPUT-OUTPUT CORRESPONDENCE...............................................................37 2.9 VARIATION......................................................................................................38 3 SENTANI..............................................................................................................43 3.1 INTRODUCTION ...............................................................................................43 3.2 THE LANGUAGE AND DATA..............................................................................44 3.3 SENTANI PHONOLOGY .....................................................................................44 3.3.1 Phoneme system.......................................................................................45 3.3.2 Allophonic variation.................................................................................46 3.3.3 Contraction...............................................................................................48 3.3.4 Vowel deletion .........................................................................................49 3.3.5 Vowel harmony ........................................................................................49 3.3.6 Syllable structure and the phonological word ..........................................50 3.4 SENTANI VERBAL MORPHOLOGY .....................................................................51 3.4.1 Basic order ...............................................................................................52 3.4.2 Subject......................................................................................................52 3.4.3 Tense........................................................................................................53 3.4.4 Object.......................................................................................................54 3.4.5 Aspect.......................................................................................................55 3.4.6 Mood........................................................................................................56 3.4.7 Habitualis .................................................................................................56 3.4.8 Verb serialisation .....................................................................................56 3.4.9 Modality...................................................................................................57 3.5 SENTANI STRESS..............................................................................................57 3.5.1 Main stress ...............................................................................................58 3.5.2 Secondary stress .......................................................................................58 4 THE ANALYSIS OF SENTANI STRESS .........................................................63 4.1 INTRODUCTION ...............................................................................................63 4.2 BINARY RIGHT-HEADED FEET ..........................................................................64 4.3 NONFIN » FTFORM » *CLASH .......................................................................67 4.3.1 NONFIN » FTFORM ...................................................................................67 4.3.2 FTFORM » *CLASH ...................................................................................68 4.4 PARSE-σ .........................................................................................................69 4.5 ALIGNMENT ....................................................................................................71 4.6 *(C)¼...............................................................................................................73 4.7 PARSE-2 AND LAPSE VERSUS *LAPSE.............................................................77 4.8 QUANTITY SENSITIVITY ...................................................................................82 4.9 ALTERNATIVE ANALYSES ................................................................................85 4.9.1 Hung 1994................................................................................................86 4.9.2 Van de Vijver 1998..................................................................................91 4.10 CONCLUSION..................................................................................................93 5 FINNISH STRESS: THE PHONOLOGICAL PATTERN...............................95 5.1 INTRODUCTION ...............................................................................................95 5.2 THE DATA.......................................................................................................97 5.3 PHONOLOGY ...................................................................................................99 5.3.1 Vowels and Consonants ...........................................................................99 5.3.2 Syllable structure....................................................................................100 5.3.3 Word minimum ......................................................................................101 5.3.4 Length of vowels and consonants...........................................................101 5.3.5 Consonant gradation...............................................................................101 5.4 MORPHOLOGY...............................................................................................103 5.4.1 Complex nouns.......................................................................................104 5.5 STRESS PATTERNS OF FINNISH.......................................................................106 5.5.1 Main stress .............................................................................................106 5.5.2 Secondary stress .....................................................................................106 5.6 THE ANALYSIS OF FINNISH STRESS: THE PHONOLOGICAL PATTERNS..............110 5.6.1 Main stress .............................................................................................111