[email protected] Africa and the Making of Classical Literature Term 1 Week 7 Lecture 7 Sallust’s Jugurtha and Livy’s Hannibal 1. Gaius Sallustius Crispus – Life and Works 86 BCE Sallust is born in Amiternum (50 miles northeast of Rome) from a plebeian family linked to the municipal nobilitas. 52 He is tribune of the plebs (must have been quaestor beforehand, probably in 55 under Pompey and Crassus). This is the year of the murder of P. Clodius, murdered on 18 January 52 by the gang of T. Annius Milo (supported by the conservative Optimates). In this period, Sallust appears allied with T. Munatius Plancus Bursa and Q. Pompeius Rufus, who incited the people to hostility against Milo and Cicero; but while Plancus and Pompeius Rufus were brought to trial in 51, Sallust escaped unscathed. 51 Sallust is senator. 50 Sallust is expelled from the senate by the censor Appius Claudius (mihi multa aduorsa fuere, BC 3.3), of Pompeian cause. Allegedly he was expelled for ‘moral turpitude’ (one story records an affair with Milo’s wife Fausta), but more plausibly for political reasons. 49 Sallust joins Caesar and commands one of his legions in Illyricum. He is outmaneuvered by Pompey’s generals and fails to relieve C. Antonius, Caesar’s legate, trapped on the island of Curicta. 47 Sallust is praetor-elect. He is sent to quell a mutiny that broke out in Caesar’s legions in Campania but he barely escapes from the soldiers and Caesar is forced to intervene. 46 Sallust is praetor. He secures supplies to Caesar’s troops from the island of Cercina. He is at the battle of Thapsus and is rewarded by being made governor of the new province of Africa Nova, created by Caesar out of part of the former Numidian kingdom of Juba. In the 18 months of his mandate, according to Dio, Sallust plunders the province. 45 On his return to Rome, Sallust is accused of extortion (de repetundis). 44 After the Ides of March, Sallust probably spent a life of leisure between his villa in Tivoli and the horti Sallustiani - he can dedicate himself to historical writings: - Bellum Catilinae - Bellum Jugurthinum - Historiae (in 5 books, from 78 to 67, plausibly left unfinished) - We also have four speeches and two letters - The two Epistulae ad Caesarem appear to be the product of the imperial schools of rhetoric 35-34 Death of Sallust. 1 [email protected] 2. Bellum Jugurthinum Sallust BJ 5 When Hannibal… had dealt Italy’s power the greatest blow since the name of Rome acquired greatness, Masinissa, king of Numidia, after being recognized a friend of Publius Scipio (later named Africanus), performed many illustrious deeds of war. After the defeat of the Carthaginians and the capture of Syphax [Numidian chieftain who revolted from the Carthaginians and struck an alliance with the Scipios in Spain but then changed sides and was defeated and captured by the Romans with the aid of Masinissa], whose dominion in Africa was great and extensive, the Romans made Masinissa a gift of whatever cities and territories had been taken in the conflict…. [Masinissa died at the age of ninety or more in 148 BCE.] His son Micipsa then held his kingdom all by himself, his brothers Mastanabal and Gulussa having died. Micipsa sired Adherbal and Hiempsal, and brought up in the palace, in the same manner as his own children, a son of his brother Mastanabal called Jugurtha, whom Masinissa in his will had allowed to remain a commoner because https://0-www-loebclassics-com.pugwash.lib.warwick.ac.uk/view/sallust-war_jugurtha/2013/pb_LCL1 he was the child of a concubine. 08/1 1/2018 T H SALLUST E W A R , The W W I T ar with Jugurtha | Loeb Classical Library ar with Jugurtha | Loeb Classical H J U G U R T 16.165.xml?result=6&rskey=V19oZu H A 1 6 5 2 / 3 2 [email protected] Bellum Jugurthinum 1-4 Introduction 5-16 Events leading up to the war • (134 BCE) Jugurtha distinguishes himself in the Numantine War (north-east Spain, ended in 133 BCE after an 8-month siege conducted by the younger Scipio) and Scipio recommends him to Micipsa; • Micipsa adopts Jugurtha and names him joint heir with his two sons, Adherbal and Hiempsal; Micipsa dies in 118 BCE. • Hiempsal offends Jugurtha, and Jugurtha has him killed. • Adherbal dispatches envoys to Rome but Jugurtha has bribed many senators, and the senate decides not to punish the murder, but to divide the kingdom between Jugurtha and Adherbal; Jugurtha received the region bordering on Mauritania, richer in territory and population, Adherbal takes possession on the eastern region, with more harbours and more buildings. 3 [email protected] 17-19 Excursus on Numidia (in the seminar in Week 8) 20-27 from the division of Numidia (116 BCE) to the massacre at Cirta (112 BCE) • Jugurtha invades Adherbal’s territory, puts Cirta under siege; Adherbal surrenders; Jugurtha first tortures Adherbal to death and then makes an indiscriminate massacre of all adult Numidians [but did this really happen?] 28-39 Phase I of the War (Lucius Calpurnius Bestia and Spurius Albinus) • 111 BCE the consul Lucius Calpurnius Bestia is allotted the province of Numidia but Jugurtha bribes him and his men. • The tribune Gaius Memmius at Rome urges the people against the corrupted nobility; he asks to have Jugurtha brought to Rome and have him testify against the corruption of the nobles. • Jugurtha in Rome, but he bribes a tribune, who orders him to remain silent. • Massiva, son of Gulussa, exile in Rome asks for the throne of Numidia but Jugurtha has him killed by his attendant Bomilcar; Jugurtha goes back to Africa. • 110 BCE The consul Spurius Albinus conducts unsuccessful war in Numidia but he has to return to Rome and leaves the war in the hands of his brother Aulus. • Aulus marches to Suthul and besieges it but Jugurtha through bribes induces him and his men to leave Numidia. 40-41-42 Digression on factionalism at Rome (read chapter 41) 43-78 Phase II of the War, 109-107 BCE (Q. Caecilius Metellus as consul, Gaius Marius as deputy commander) • Metellus restores discipline in the army and campaigns against Jugurtha; • Read chapter 44 on the debauchery of the Roman army. • Read chapter 46 on Metellus’ Jugurthine tactics. • Metellus stations a garrison at Vaga. • Battle at the river Muthul, the Romans win. • Metellus’ abortive siege of Zama. • Metellus bribes Bomilcar, who steers Jugurtha to surrender. Jugurtha surrenders but then resumes war. • Gaius Marius asks Metellus for a discharge in order to seek office but Metellus disencourages him; rift between them. Marius approaches Gauda, son of Mastanabal (made king of Numidia in 105 BCE after Jugurtha’s capture) and asks him to help him take revenge on Metellus but spreading bad rumours in Rome. • Jugurtha reconquers Vaga but then loses it again. • Bomilcar’s plot against Jugurtha is discovered. Bomilcar and others are put to death but Jugurtha now lives in perpetual paranoia; he stations at Thala. • Metellus captures Thala; envoys come from Leptis Magna to ask Metellus for help. 78-79 excursus on Leptis Magna and the Philaeni Brothers (seminar in Week 8) 80 Jugurtha goes to the Gaetulians and to King Bocchus of Mauritania (description of the Gaetulians and Mauri) 81 Jugurtha’s speech to Bocchus on the Romans. 82-87 Jugurtha and Bocchus draw near to Cirta; Metellus tries to negotiate with Bocchus; meantime, Marius is elected consul for 107 BCE. 87-114 Phase III of the War (Gaius Marius) • First campaign of the War (107 BCE); Jugurtha and Bocchus both withdraw to different places of difficult access. • Marius wants to capture Capsa like Metellus captured Thala. 4 [email protected] • 89-91 Capture and destruction of Capsa • Second campaign of Marius (106 BCE); arrival of Lucius Sulla. • Battles with Jugurtha and Bocchus • 101 Description of Jugurtha in battle. • Negotiations start between Sulla and Bocchus • 108 Sallust comments on Bocchus’ ‘Punic faith’ • Bocchus is finally persuaded to betray Jugurtha • 113-114 Jugurtha is captured (105 BCE); shortly earlier, Quintus Caepio and Gnaeus Mallius had fought an unsuccessful engagement against the Gauls in the battle of Arausio. ‘As a result, all Italy trembled in dread’. Marius is assigned to Gaul and celebrates the triumph against Jugurtha. Et in ea tempestate spes atque opes ciuitatis in illo sitae. 3. What is the BJ about, really? BJ 5 Bellum scripturus sum quod populus Romanus cum Iugurtha rege Numidarum gessit, primum quia magnum et atrox variaque victoria fuit, dehinc quia tunc primum superbiae nobilitatis obviam itum est. Quae contentio divina et humana cuncta permiscuit eoque vecordiae processit ut studiis civilibus bellum atque vastitas Italiae finem faceret. I am going to write an account of the war which the Roman people waged with Jugurtha, king of the Numidians: first of all, because it was a great and terrible conflict of varying fortune; secondly, because then for the first time opposition was offered to the insolence of the nobles. That struggle threw everything, human and divine, into confusion, and progressed to such a pitch of frenzy that finally war and the desolation of Italy put an end to civil contentions. BJ 8 Ea tempestate in exercitu nostro fuere complures novi atque nobiles quibus divitiae bono honestoque potiores erant, factiosi domi, potentes apud socios, clari magis quam honesti, qui Iugurthae non mediocrem animum pollicitando adcendebant, si Micipsa rex occidisset, fore uti solus imperi Numidiae potiretur: in ipso maxumam virtutem, Romae omnia venalia esse.