HyperSQL User Guide HyperSQL Database Engine 2.6.0 Edited by , Blaine Simpson, and Fred Toussi HyperSQL User Guide: HyperSQL Database Engine 2.6.0 by , Blaine Simpson, and Fred Toussi $Revision: 6319 $ Publication date 2021-03-21 Copyright 2002-2021 Blaine Simpson, Fred Toussi and The HSQL Development Group. Permission is granted to distribute this document without any alteration under the terms of the HSQLDB license. You are not allowed to distribute or display this document on the web in an altered form. Table of Contents Preface ........................................................................................................................................ xiv Available formats for this document ......................................................................................... xiv 1. Running and Using HyperSQL ....................................................................................................... 1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................. 1 The HSQLDB Jar .................................................................................................................... 1 Running Database Access Tools ................................................................................................. 2 A HyperSQL Database .............................................................................................................. 2 In-Process Access to Database Catalogs ....................................................................................... 3 Server Modes .......................................................................................................................... 4 HyperSQL HSQL Server ................................................................................................... 4 HyperSQL HTTP Server ................................................................................................... 5 HyperSQL HTTP Servlet ................................................................................................... 5 Connecting to a Database Server ......................................................................................... 5 Security Considerations ..................................................................................................... 6 Using Multiple Databases .................................................................................................. 6 Accessing the Data ................................................................................................................... 6 Closing the Database ................................................................................................................ 7 Creating a New Database .......................................................................................................... 7 2. SQL Language ............................................................................................................................. 9 SQL Standards Support ............................................................................................................. 9 Definition Statements (DDL and others) ............................................................................. 10 Data Manipulation Statements (DML) ................................................................................ 10 Data Query Statements (DQL) .......................................................................................... 11 Calling User Defined Procedures and Functions ................................................................... 11 Setting Properties for the Database and the Session ............................................................... 11 General Operations on Database ........................................................................................ 11 Transaction Statements .................................................................................................... 12 Comments in Statements .................................................................................................. 12 Statements in SQL Routines ............................................................................................. 13 SQL Data and Tables .............................................................................................................. 13 Persistent Tables ............................................................................................................ 13 Temporary Tables ........................................................................................................... 14 Short Guide to Data Types ....................................................................................................... 14 Data Types and Operations ...................................................................................................... 15 Numeric Types .............................................................................................................. 15 Boolean Type ................................................................................................................ 17 Character String Types .................................................................................................... 18 Binary String Types ........................................................................................................ 19 Bit String Types ............................................................................................................. 20 Lob Data ...................................................................................................................... 20 Storage and Handling of Java Objects ................................................................................ 21 Type Length, Precision and Scale ...................................................................................... 22 Datetime types ....................................................................................................................... 22 Interval Types ........................................................................................................................ 26 Arrays .................................................................................................................................. 29 Array Definition ............................................................................................................. 30 Array Reference ............................................................................................................. 31 Array Operations ............................................................................................................ 32 3. Schemas and Database Objects ...................................................................................................... 34 Overview .............................................................................................................................. 34 Schemas and Schema Objects ................................................................................................... 34 iii HyperSQL User Guide Names and References .................................................................................................... 35 Character Sets ................................................................................................................ 35 Collations ...................................................................................................................... 36 Distinct Types ................................................................................................................ 37 Domains ....................................................................................................................... 37 Number Sequences ......................................................................................................... 37 Tables .......................................................................................................................... 40 Views ........................................................................................................................... 40 Constraints .................................................................................................................... 40 Assertions ..................................................................................................................... 42 Triggers ........................................................................................................................ 42 Routines ....................................................................................................................... 42 Indexes ......................................................................................................................... 42 Synonyms ..................................................................................................................... 42 Statements for Schema Definition and Manipulation ..................................................................... 43 Common Elements and Statements .................................................................................... 43 Renaming Objects .......................................................................................................... 44 Commenting Objects ....................................................................................................... 45 Schema Creation ...........................................................................................................