H2020-DRS-21-2014 HORIZON 2020 PROGRAMME Secure societies – Protecting freedom and security of Europe and its citizens Collaborative and Support Action Grant Agreement Number 653748 CARISMAND Culture And RISk management in Man-made And Natural Disasters WP8 “Risk communication and the role of the media in risk communication” Lead Partner – P14 – “Mihai Viteazul” National Intelligence Academy D8.2 “Report on the Role of the Media in Disaster Risk Communication” Project co-funded by the European Commission within the Horizon 2020 Programme (2014-2020) Dissemination Level: PU Public X CO Confidential, only for members of the consortium (including the Commission Services) EU-RES Classified Information: RESTREINT UE (Commission Decision 2005/444/EC) This project has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation 1/193 programme under grant agreement No 653748. EU-CON Classified Information: CONFIDENTIEL UE (Commission Decision 2005/444/EC) EU-SEC Classified Information: SECRET UE (Commission Decision 2005/444/EC) This project has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research 2/193 and innovation programme under grant agreement No 653748. Document Version Control: Originated by: Cristina Ivan, Valentin Stoian, Alexandra Popescu, Lia Version 0.1 On July20th, 2016 Dinu, Mihaela Filip Version 0.2 Reviewed by: Irena Chiru, Cristina Ivan On July 31th, 2017 Version 1.0 Circulated to Consortium partners On August 10th, 2017 Version 1.1 Reviewed by Gabrielle Quinti, Universita Degli Studi di Firenze On August 21st, 2017 Version 1.2 Reviewed by Rémy Bossu, Euro-Mediterranean Seismological Centre On August, 23rd, 2017 Version 1.3 Reviewed by Sunčica Zdravković, Univerzitet u Novom Sadu On August, 24th, 2017 Version 1.4 Reviewed by Rosaliya Kasamska, Law and Internet Foundation On August, 29th, 2017 Version 1.5 Reviewed by Joao Verde, Autoridade Nacional de Proteccao Civil On August, 30th, 2017 Version 1.6 Reviewed by Alexandra Tsvetkova, LIBRe On September 12th, 2017 Version 2.0 Reviewd by Irena Chiru, Cristina Ivan, Alexandra Popescu On October 02nd, 2017 Version 2.1 Reviewed by Natividad Mansilla On October 9th, 2017 This project has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research 3/193 and innovation programme under grant agreement No 653748. Motto: „Diverse media are central to a healthy democracy. The media represent our politics, our social institutions, our governments and ourselves”. Linda Jean Kenix, Alternative and Mainstream Media. The Converging Spectrum, 2011 This project has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research 4/193 and innovation programme under grant agreement No 653748. Contents Contents ......................................................................................................................................... 5 Introduction ................................................................................................................................... 8 Executive Summary .................................................................................................................... 8 1. Institutional Framework ................................................................................................... 14 1.1. General Aspects ..................................................................................................... 14 1.2. Building on the Findings of Previous EU Projects Dedicated to Risk, Crisis and Disaster Communication ...................................................................................................... 16 2. Theoretical Framework .................................................................................................... 17 2.1. General Approach .................................................................................................. 17 2.2. Aim ......................................................................................................................... 18 2.3. Main Focus of the Report ....................................................................................... 18 3. Methodological Framework ............................................................................................. 19 4. Description of the report .................................................................................................. 21 CHAPTER ONE: The Role of Media in Communicating in Case of Disaster .................................. 22 1.1. Introduction ...................................................................................................................... 23 1.2. A Theoretical Framework for Understanding Communication in Risk, Crisis and Disaster Situations .................................................................................................................................. 26 1.3. Role of Mass Media – General Considerations ................................................................ 41 1.4. The Role of Mainstream Media in Risk, Crisis and Disaster Communication .................. 45 1.4.1. Media: a Bridge between Stakeholders or a Mirror of Multiple Reflections ........ 47 1.4.2. Media as Influencer ................................................................................................ 51 1.4.3. Media as Entertainer. What Communicating Institutions Should Know about the Media Nowadays ................................................................................................................. 52 1.5. The Role of the New Media .............................................................................................. 55 1.6. Conclusions- Best Practices and Lessons Learned ............................................................ 61 CHAPTER TWO: Media’s Interaction with Actors Involved in Risk and Disaster Management and Communication ............................................................................................................................ 65 This project has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research 5/193 and innovation programme under grant agreement No 653748. 2.1. Media and Institutions with` Responsibilities in Disaster Management: Interactions and Communication Strategies ....................................................................................................... 65 2.2. Main Characteristics of Public Institutions Involved in Disaster Management ............... 66 2.2.1. Role of Public Institutions .......................................................................................... 67 2.2.2. The Political Nature of Public Institutions ................................................................. 67 2.2.3. The Regulated Nature of Public Institutions .............................................................. 68 2.2.4. State Institutions Compete for Public Funds ............................................................. 69 2.2.5. The Organizational Culture Aspect ............................................................................ 70 2.3. How Should a Public Institution Manage Crisis and Disaster Communication? Literature and Open-Source Guidelines to Institutions-Media Interaction and Roles ............................. 70 2.3.1. Preparedness Phase ................................................................................................... 70 2.3.2. Response Phase ......................................................................................................... 78 2.3.3. Recovery Phase .......................................................................................................... 82 2.3.4. Empirical Investigation of Communication Strategies in Six Countries ..................... 83 2.4. New Channels of Communication – Websites and Social Media ..................................... 86 2.4.1. New Media ................................................................................................................. 88 CHAPTER THREE: The Role of NGOs in Communicating in Case of Disaster. Analysis of Communication Strategies and Forms of Interaction Used by the Actors Involved in Disaster Management ................................................................................................................................ 94 3.1. Main Characteristics of NGOs ........................................................................................... 94 3.2. Partnering for Disaster Relief and Efficient Communication: NGOs and Public Institutions. A General Landscape ................................................................................................................ 95 3.3. How Can NGOs Contribute to Disaster Risk Communication? ....................................... 101 3.3.1. Preparedness Phase ................................................................................................. 103 3.3.2. Response Phase ....................................................................................................... 105 3.3.3. Recovery Phase ........................................................................................................ 106 3.4. NGOs and New Media .................................................................................................... 107 CHAPTER FOUR: The “COLECTIV” Nightclub Fire – Special Case Study on (Social) Media’s Impact on Citizen’s Behavior during Disaster Situation. Goodbye to Gravity Band - The Day We Die . 113 4.1. Introduction ...................................................................................................................