Volume V, 2010 Explorations The Journal of Undergraduate Research and Creative Activities for the State of North Carolina www.uncw.edu/csurf/explorations.html [email protected] Center for the Support of Undergraduate Research and Fellowships UNCW Honors Scholars Program Randall Library, room 2007 University of North Carolina Wilmington Wilmington, NC 28403 copyright © 2010 University of North Carolina Wilmington Cover photographs: “Night Falls on the Capitol” © Alison Gantt “Dogwood Blossom” © Ken Slade “Charlotte Night” © Tony Shi ISBN: 978-0-9845922-1-0 Produced in The Publishing Laboratory Department of Creative Writing 601 South College Road Wilmington, North Carolina 28403 www.uncw.edu/writers Staff Editor-in-Chief Katherine E. Bruce, PhD Director, Honors Scholars Program and Center for the Support of Undergraduate Research and Fellowships Professor, Psychology University of North Carolina Wilmington Graduate Assistants Emily Beamon Department of Psychology University of North Carolina Wilmington Rebecka Brasso Department of Biology and Marine Biology University of North Carolina Wilmington Katherine Webb Department of Creative Writing University of North Carolina Wilmington Designer Brittany Creech Department of Creative Writing University of North Carolina Wilmington 2010 Board of Reviewers William Atwill, PhD Eric Jones, PhD Associate Director of Honors Research Scientist in Anthropology Associate Professor of English University of North Carolina Greensboro University of North Carolina Wilmington Jeanne Kemppainen, PhD Michael Benedetti, PhD Professor of Nursing Associate Professor of Geography University of North Carolina Wilmington University of North Carolina Wilmington Mark McCallum, PhD Nicola Davis Bivens, PhD Professor of Biology Assistant Professor of Criminology Pfeiffer University Johnson C. Smith University Louis F. McIntyre, PhD Francie Cuffney, PhD Instructor of Biology Professor of Biology Robeson Community College Meredith College Granetta Richardson, PhD Rebecca Duncan, PhD Senior Lecturer in Film Studies Professor of English University of North Carolina Wilmington Meredith College Reeves Shultad, PhD Carol Dykers, PhD Associate Professor, Hayes School of Music Associate Professor of Communication Appalachain State University Salem College Debra Terrell, PhD Elizabeth Fournier, PhD Assistant Professor of Psychology Assistant Professor of Political Science Johnson C. Smith University St. Augustine’s College Betty Witcher, PhD Steven Fulks, PhD Associate Professor of Psychology Associate Professor of Gerontology Peace College Barton College Sara Wrenn, PhD Tom Hennessey, PhD Assistant Professor of Psychology Associate Professor, Government & History Bennett College for Women Fayetteville State University Margaret Young, PhD Blake Hobby, PhD Assistant Professor of Biology Director, Honors Program Elizabeth City State University Assistant Professor in Literature and Language University of North Carolina Asheville Timothy Holley, PhD Director, Honors Program With special thanks and appreciation Associate Professor of Music to the faculty mentors and volunteer North Carolina Central University blind reviewers. Table of Contents vii Letter from the Editor Biological, Earth, and Physical Sciences 3 Identification of Ginsenosides in American Ginseng Seedlings Hannah Ainsworth with Rachana Gyawali, L. Tiara Murphy, and Smriti Sharma 12 The Effects of Maternal Systemic Lupus Erythematosus on the Developing Fetus Endya Frye Humanities 29 From Freedom to Bondage: The Jamaican Maroons, 1655-1770 Jonathan Brooks 40 America’s Changing Mirror: How Popular Music Reflects Public Opinion During Wartime Christina Tomlinson Social Sciences 65 Forms of Social Support by Non-Relatives in Emergency Situations: Ecuador Brittany Burke 80 Defining Barriers to Acceptance of Westernized Medicine Among Montagnard Refugees Margeaux Corby 95 Ocular Health Knowledge Modifications Diana Gliga 109 A Game-Theory Analysis of US Efforts to Curb the Colombian Cocaine Trade Saumil Jariwala 128 Building Community Capacity in Resource-Poor Neighborhoods: Community-University Partnerships Kimberly Lancaster and Amanda Smith with Lindsey Carrier, Janna Dick, Elizabeth Dodson, Hillary Geen, Jessica Glovas, Lacey Hancock, Erin O’Donnell, and Allison Whitley 151 About the Student Authors 154 About the Faculty Mentors 157 Submission Process About the Student Authors Letter from the Editor About the Faculty Mentors E ARE DELIGHTED TO PRESENT VOL - perspectives on society and history. Brooks Submission Process W ume V of Explorations. Explorations examines the historical evidence related to is a unique publication; many universities the persistent enslavement of the Jamaican have their own undergraduate research Maroons, while Tomlinson offers an exten- publications, but I believe this is the only sive critical review of popular music during state-wide undergraduate journal. Truly wartime. this is due to the state-wide commitment All the articles published in Explorations to enhancing the undergraduate experi- have been through several levels of review. ence—evident from the several years of Not only were faculty mentors reviewers well-attended State of North Carolina for the articles, but the mentors obtained Undergraduate Research and Creativity two “blind” reviews from colleagues in the Symposia (SNCURCS). field before the papers were even submitted. Volume V contains nine original ar- Further the members of the journal review ticles from students attending eight col- board evaluated the submissions over the leges and universities in North Carolina, summer. I thank all of these mentors and including one article from a senior at the reviewers for their time and dedication. North Carolina School of Science and Thanks to several people at UNCW for Mathematics. While the topics of the arti- their support: Dr. Cathy Barlow, Provost; cles this year are varied, a theme reflecting Dr. Johnson Akinleye, Associate Vice outreach to the community runs through Chancellor for Academic Programs; Ms. several of the articles. Four of the Social Emily Smith and her wonderful team at Science articles present data on outreach the UNCW Publishing Laboratory; Ms. efforts and cultural perspectives related to Rebecka Brasso, Explorations web page de- improving health care and social support. signer; and Ms. Katherine Webb, copy edi- These studies range from Lancaster, et al.’s tor; both graduate assistants for CSURF; the unique community-university partnership Center for the Support of Undergraduate to Gliga’s study of health behavior promo- Research and Fellowships; and Mr. Bo tion in Romania to Burke’s assessment of Dean, Ms. Carole Reynolds, and Dr. Bill acceptance of social support following di- Atwill for support day-to-day in the Honors saster among citizens of Ecuador to Corby’s Scholars Program office. We also appreci- analysis of barriers to effective Western ate the support of Dr. Courtney Thornton, medical treatment among Montagnard UNC General Administration, who has refugees in North Carolina. promoted undergraduate research at the The other five articles in this volume are state level and lobbied for both SNCURCS also quite innovative. Also in the Social and Explorations. As always thanks are due Sciences, Juriwala applies a game theory to Dr. George Barthalmus at NCSU, a de- approach to the study of drug trafficking. voted and unflagging advocate of under- The two articles in the Biological Sciences graduate research state-wide, who has kept the section present a review of maternal lu- mission of Explorations and SNCURCS strong. pus erythematosus by Frye and a report Enjoy volume V! on techniques to identify ginsenosides in ginseng plants by Ainsworth et al. In the History section, we have two unique Katherine E Bruce, PhD vii Biological, Earth, and Physical Sciences Identification of Ginsenosides in American Ginseng Seedlings Hannah Ainsworth with Rachand Gywali, L. Tiara Murphy, and Smriti Sharma Salem College Faculty Mentor: Nita Eskew Salem College ABSTRACT Ginseng, a medicinal plant, is reported to provide a variety of health benefits. Ginsenosides are the biologically active compounds responsible for therapeutic attributes. Historically, ginseng roots have been considered the source of medicinal properties and are harvested for use. Because of their slow growth rate and increasing demand in global markets, American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius) roots are now protected by the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES) of Wild Fauna and Flora. The use of ginseng’s perennial leaves instead of its roots would preserve existent plant populations. However, there are few studies comparing ginsenoside concentrations throughout the plant. For this reason, our primary research goal is to investigate the presence of six dominant ginsenosides in the leaves and roots of American ginseng grown in North Carolina. Ginsenosides were extracted from seedling specimens and then separated with high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC). Utilizing densitometer software, comparisons of ginsenosides on digitized TLC plates identified the presence and relative amounts of ginsenosides. Initial results have indicated higher amounts of total ginsenosides in leaves compared to roots in seedlings. INTRODUCTION MERICAN GINSENG (PANAX QUINQUE - the plant.2 These ginsenosides are linked to A folius) is a medicinal plant, and the numerous medicinal properties, including biologically active compounds responsible enhancement of learning and memory, re-