COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT EDUCATION: THE INTEGRATION OF INDIVIDUAL AND COLLECTIVE CONSCIOUSNESS FOR COMMUNITY WELL-BEING WITHIN A SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT PARADIGM IN SOUTH AFRICA Savathrie Maistry COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT EDUCATION: THE INTEGRATION OF INDIVIDUAL AND COLLECTIVE CONSCIOUSNESS FOR COMMUNITY WELL-BEING WITHIN A SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT PARADIGM IN SOUTH AFRICA A Thesis submitted in fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at University of Fort Hare, Eastern Cape, South Africa By Savathrie Maistry Supervisor: Professor A Rahim Department of Development Studies, University of Fort Hare July 2008 DECLARATION I, Savathrie Maistry, hereby declare that unless specifically indicated to the contrary, this thesis is the result of my own work. Furthermore, I declare that the material contained in this thesis has not been submitted to this or any other university in fulfillment or partial fulfillment of the requirements for another degree. __________________ ________________ Savathrie Maistry Date Student number: 200426656 Signed at East London ~ i ~ TABLE OF CONTENTS Declaration ...................................................................................................................... i Table of Contents ............................................................................................................ ii Appendices ..................................................................................................................... xiv List of Figures ................................................................................................................. xiv List of Tables .................................................................................................................. xv Glossary.......................................................................................................................... xvi Acknowledgements ......................................................................................................... xix Dedication ....................................................................................................................... xxi Abstract........................................................................................................................... xxii Part A Introduction and Literature Review Chapter 1 Introduction .......................................................................................... 1 1.1 Research Question Posed in this Study and Study Focus ................... 1 1.2 Statement of the Problem .................................................................... 3 1.3 Overall Goal and Objectives of the Study ............................................ 8 1.4 Philosophical and Theoretical Framework of the Study ........................ 11 1.5 Research Design and Methodology ..................................................... 12 1.5.1 Location of the Study ...................................................................... 13 1.5.2 Research Sample............................................................................ 13 1.5.3 Data Collection and Analysis ........................................................... 14 1.6 Significance of the Research ............................................................... 14 1.7 Delimitations of the Study .................................................................... 15 1.8 Summary ............................................................................................. 16 Chapter 2 Social Welfare and Its Ambiguity: A Critical Reflection ......................... 17 2.1 Introduction .......................................................................................... 17 2.2 Social Welfare and Social Development .............................................. 18 2.3 Community .......................................................................................... 36 ~ ii ~ 2.4 Community Development ..................................................................... 37 2.4.1 Community Development in South Africa ........................................ 41 2.4.2 Healing and Spirituality as Aspects of Community Development ..... 44 2.4.3 Ethics for Community Development ................................................ 48 2.4.3.1 Human Beings Can Transform Their World .............................. 48 2.4.3.2 Development Comes From Within ........................................... 48 2.4.3.3 Healing Is A Necessary Part of Development ........................... 49 2.4.3.4 No Vision, No Development ..................................................... 49 2.4.3.5 Healing and Development Processes must be Rooted in the Culture of the People ........................................................................................... 50 2.4.3.6 Interconnectedness: The Holistic Approach ............................. 50 2.4.3.7 The Hurt of One is the Hurt of All; The Honour of One is the Honour of All ........................................................................................................ 51 2.4.3.8 Unity ........................................................................................ 51 2.4.3.9 Participation ............................................................................. 52 2.4.3.10 Justice ................................................................................... 52 2.4.3.11 Move to the Positive ............................................................... 53 2.4.3.12 Sustainability .......................................................................... 53 2.4.3.13 Learning ................................................................................. 55 2.4.3.14 Morals and Ethics .................................................................. 56 2.4.3.15 Spirit ...................................................................................... 57 2.4.3.16 Be the Change You Want to See ........................................... 58 2.4.4 Integration and the Integrated/Holistic Approach to Community Development ............................................................................................ 59 2.4.5 Leadership and Community Development ....................................... 61 2.5 Summary ................................................................................................... 66 ~ iii ~ Chapter 3 Curriculum and Community Development Education ........................... 67 3.1 Introduction .......................................................................................... 67 3.2 Curriculum Development for the Social Service Professions in Higher Education ............................................................................................. 69 3.3 Education for Social Work in Higher Education Institutions .................. 72 3.4 The Relationship Between Social Work and Community Development 77 3.5 Summary ............................................................................................. 81 Chapter 4 Ethics for a New Generation of Community Development Professionals ............................................................................................................ 83 4.1 Introduction .......................................................................................... 83 4.2 Values Crisis and Education ................................................................ 85 4.3 Integral and Values Orientated Education ............................................ 89 4.4 The Philosophy of Ubuntu for Social and Community Development..... 97 4.5 Summary ............................................................................................. 99 Chapter 5 Philosophical and Tentative Theoretical Framework of the Study ....... 101 5.1 Introduction .......................................................................................... 101 5.2 Lessem and Nussbaum’s ‘Four Worlds Model’ .................................... 103 5.3 The Ecosystems Perspective ............................................................... 106 5.4 The Native American Four World’s Project .......................................... 108 5.5 Ethical and Moral Perspective .............................................................. 111 5.6 Summary ............................................................................................. 114 Part B The Research Plan and Data Chapter 6 The Research Plan and Process ......................................................... 115 6.1 Introduction .......................................................................................... 115 6.2 Research Design and Methodology ..................................................... 116 6.3 The Research Process ........................................................................ 117 6.4 Goal and Objectives of the Study ......................................................... 118 6.5 Location of the Study ........................................................................... 121 6.5.1 South African Context: The Eastern Cape Province ........................ 122 ~ iv ~ 6.5.2 Indian Context: State of Kerala; Loyola College in Kerala; and SSSU in the State of Andhra Pradesh .......................................................................... 125 6.6 Research Sample ................................................................................ 126 6.7 Data Collection and Analysis ............................................................... 129 6.8 Challenges Experienced in the Research Process ............................... 135 6.9 Researcher’s