The Application of Linear Programming For Forest Land Use and Timber Management Planning With Watershed Considerations In Terengganu, Peninsular Malaysia. by Ahmad Zainal Mat Isa A PROFESSIONAL PAPER submitted to Oregon State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Masters of Forestry (Hydrology) (MF), Department of Forest Engineering, College of Forestry, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, 97331 United States of America. Completed May, 1990. Commencement June, 1990. AN ABSTRACT FOR THE PROFESSIONAL PAPER OF Ahmad Zainal Mat Isa for the degree of Master of Forestry in Hydrology presented on May 18. 1990. Title: The Application of Linear Programming For Forest Land Use and Timber Management Planning with Watershed Considerations in Terengganu. Peninsular Malaysia. Abstract approved: Dr. Robert L. Beschta The purpose of this paper is to illustrate the use of Linear Programming (LP) and other mathematical procedures to evaluate watershed and perpetuity constraintson forest land use for a selected scenario in Terengganu, Peninsular Malaysia. The paper describes the system of modelling and forecasting estimates of potential timber growth, forest harvest and inventory for use in planning with environmental considerations. The LP model provided a range of feasible solutions for decision making. Equationswere derived for the model to show interaction of sedimentation due to road construction, timber harvesting, and other related forest management activities. Sensitivity analysis was used to test model behavior. A literature review provided information to supplement the findings gathered from simulation of the linear programming problem. The model further evaluated using theoretical, mathematical and observational procedures. Results indicate the constraining effects of sedimentationupon forest revenues when sedimentation is allowed to vary within the feasible region of the model (i.e., from 600,000 m3/decade up to 1,150,000 m3/decade. APPROVED: Professor of Forest Hydrology in charge of major Head of Department of Forest Engineering, College of Forestry, OSU Dean of Graduate School Date thesis is presented May 18th. 1990 Typed by Roselina Abdul Rashid for Ahmad Zainal Mat Isa APPROVED: Professor of Forest Hydrology in charge of major Professor of Forest Engineering Associate Professor of Forest Hydrology and Forestry Extension Head of Department of Forest Engineering, College of Forestry, OSU Dean of Graduate School Date thesis is presented May 18th. 1990 Typed by researcher for Acknowledgements. The author wishes to express his gratitude and thanks to the following for making his anticipation and participation to pursue his graduate study in Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, United States of America a reality and a possibility: The Director-General and the Directorate of the Forestry Department of Peninsular Malaysia, the Public Services Department of Malaysia and the Government of Malaysia for the opportunity given to him to study abroad; The US-AID for sponsoring his training and graduate study; His major advisor, Dr. Robert L. Beschta, Professor in Forest Hydrology, Department of Forest Engineering, College of Forestry, OSU as well as the other members of his graduate committee, Dr. John Sessions and Dr. Paul W. Adams. Also the Head Department of Forest Engineering, Dr. William A. Atkinson and the Dean of College of Forestry, Dr. George W. Brown. Last but not least, to his wife, Roselina and their children, frnee, Irvinee, Muhammad frfan, Sill Sarah (deceased) and Sarah Aminah and to his mother, Halimali Daud for their inspiration, patience and love. TABLE OF CONIENTS INTRODUCTION 1 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY 4 REVIEW OF LITERATURE 5 RESOURCE BASE AND THE SYSTEM OF LOGGING 27 PHYSICAL FEATURES OF THE STAlE OF IERENGGANU, PENINSULAR MALAYSIA 31 POLICY AND INSTITUTIONAL PROVISIONS 48 METHODS 53 DEVELOPMENT OF THE MODEL 56 Planning Horizon 65 Management Objectives 65 Management Choices and Alternatives 66 Harvest Control and Regulation (Management Constraints) 66 The Structure of the Model for Terengganu 67 RESULTS 81 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 90 LITERATURE CIIED 94 APPENDICES 103 Appendix 1 - Specifications for Forest Roads in Peninsular Malaysia 103 Appendix 2 - Map of the Distribution of Forested Area in Peninsular Malaysia 121 Appendix 3 - Map of Forest Types of Terengganu 122 Appendix 4- The List of Commercial Tree Species in Malaysia (1978) 123 Appendix 5 - Classification of Land for Forestry Use in Malaysia 127 Appendix 6- Slope Map Used in the Study 129 Appendix 7 - Detached Coefficient Matrix of the Terengganu Model 130 LIST OF TABLES Tables Page Distribution and extent of major forest types in Malaysia (million ha) 8 Forest resources of Malaysia (million ha) 10 Peninsular Malaysia: River Water Quality and Pollution, 1979-1983 14 Land use changes and sediment yield in Malaysia 24 Summaiy of suspended sediment and dissolved solid concentrations of selected watersheds in Peninsular Malaysia. 26 Summaiy of land elevations and its composition in Terengganu 33 Estimated forest area by forest types of Terengganu, Peninsular Malaysia as of December 31, 1981. 36 Estimated forest area allocated for National Parks and Wildlife Sanctuaries in Terengganu as of December 31, 1981. 37 Summaiy of gross volumes for all forest types in Terengganu - 30 cm and greater DiameterLimit 41 - 45 cm and greater Diameter Limit 42 - 60 cm and greater Diameter Limit 43 -90 cm and greater Diameter Limit 44 Summaiy of gross volumes of dbh greater than 45 cm for all forest types according to log quality in Terengganu. 46 Percentage damage adopted in SMS and study in Terengganu. 58 Forest management area as of December 1980 in Terengganu. 61 Average gross volume of average site for all forest types in Terengganu. 64 Estimation of increase in sediment production over background level for timber production in primary forests in Terengganu. 70 Summary of calculation of PNW objective function coefficient of the model. 73 Tabulation of calculated revenue per decade for each reference level of sedimentation per decade using formula. 86 Summary of the model scheduled harvest areas according to different feasible sedimentation levels with respective revenue generated. 88 LIST OF FIGURES Figures Page, The scale of forest loss in tropical countries of the world. 7 River quality index of Peninsular Malaysia. 15 Forest resource flow chart in Peninsular Malaysia. 30 The map location of the state of Terengganu. 32 A simplified diagram for a management planning model for logging operations in the hill forest of Malaysia. 60 Recovery rating curve showing declining effect of sedimentation through first three decades adopted in the study. 71 Normal curve to show the relationship of revenue per decade versus difference reference levels of sedimentation per decade. 82 Harvest-flow schedule from productive forests in Terengganu derived from the model study. 83 Overlay of normal curve of the calcullated revenue per decade using formula and computed model revenue versus sedimentation per decaJe. 87 Observations and least square regression line for both revenues computed. 104 1 THE APPLICATION OF LINEAR PROGRAMMING FOR FOREST LAND USE AND TIMBER MANAGEMENT PLANMNG WITH WATERSHED CONSIDERATIONS iN TERENGGANU, PENTNSULAR MALAYSIA. INTRODUCTION Renewable forest resources often provide important economic benefits in addition to their other values. Over the decades, man's interests and concerns related to forest resources have generally increased as indicated by the growing number of interest groups around the world. Today, these interest groups include engineers, economists, conservationists, environmentalists, biologists, mineralogists, industrialists, researchers, foresters and others, and have made forest resources the focus of their professional, intellectual, and research interests. The utilization of endowed forest resources are often viewed as a key to economic growth and development for many countries throughout the world. Malaysia, particularly the state of Terengganu, is no exception. The basic issue is how to manage the forest resources of Terengganu for both tangible and the intangible products. The various interest groups are assumed to be equally responsible and provide important checks and balances to assure that the objective of generating maximum financial returns are consistent with the policy of "sustained resource flowu for the overall economic growth of the state of Terengganu, without violating or jeopardising watershed benefits and perpetuity constraints. Maintaining forest resources in perpetuity implies that the resources have yielded considerable benefits to the country. On a national basis, the forestry sector has contributed significantly towards the overall economic development of Malaysia. As a renewable natural resource, the forest will continue to provide viable economic returns to the country in terms of foreign exchange earnings, government revenue, income and employment. Currently, the forestry sector in Malaysia contributes approximately 7 percent of the country's Gross Domestic Products (GNP) and 13 percent of export earnings (Ministry of Primary Industries, Malaysia, 1989). Indeed, it is a question of how should the Permanent Forest Estate (PFE) be managed consistent with the the concept of viability and perpetuity while simultaneously seeking to maximize financial returns. The PEE was delineated based on forest resources information and the need to maintain the forest as a renewable resource.