“Answering the Ultimate Question of Life, the Universe, and Everything” Developing local multiple dimension indices to compare areas in Birmingham Richard Browne Equalities, Social Cohesion and Community Safety [email protected] @richardbrowne80 The world is full of indices….. FTSE 100 Index of Multiple Deprivation We love a good index… • Sustainability Index • Neighbourhood Deprivation Index • Community Cohesion Index • Big Lottery Index • Mental Health Index • Child Poverty Index • Social Impact of the Recession Index But what is an index? • Effectively there are composite measurements • Way of bringing multiple datasets together • Way of monitoring complex issues/problems in an simple way • Way of measuring something where there is no existing single way of measuring it Why use an index?..... The Douglas Adams Syndrome Community Cohesion Index • Sought to provide a measurement of community cohesion at ward level in the form of a single numerical score which can then be tracked over time • Used by the Community Cohesion Forum to direct resources in perceived vulnerable areas • Not a replacement for tension monitoring – not likely to “predict a riot or disturbance” Fully understand the subject that you are measuring The index must be based on a robust understanding of the issue. Destructive Behaviour Element The CCI was based on firm • prevalence of criminal and anti-social acts academic research and the against other citizens content of the Community • strong indicator of a lack of cohesion Cohesion Strategic Framework within a local community as trust is destroyed and individuals become isolated Community Cohesion Deprivation Element • structural inequality between communities is a powerful inhibitor of cohesion in more deprived wards Perception Element • Resident perceptions of community harmony, decision making and personal safety vital indicators of cohesion Choose Appropriate indicators • Available at a consistent geographical level • From a consistent timeframe Criteria • Relevant to, and capable of measuring a recognised aspect of cohesion • Able to produce sufficiently robust data at ward level • Updated at least annually • Available with a time lag of no more than 6-9 months after the period they relate to. Find the Standard Score (Z- score) for each data point Z-Scores • To allow the combination of indicators of different types and units, its is necessary to find the standard score for each indicator data point. • The Z-score just is indication of the relationship between a particular score and the mean – showing how many standard deviations a particular observation is from the mean • To this just calculate the mean and standard deviation of all observations and apply “standardize function in Execl • It will leave you with a + or – score for each ward. • These can be then averaged up across the indicators to give on overall score. Average Scores up, Decide and apply weightings Weightings • Now should have a list of 40 ward scores for each indicator in your index • Weightings are important – are some indicators more important than others? • This can be a very subjective • Once weightings are applied you can calculate final scores for each index. Cohesion Index 2008/09 Baseline Cohesion Index : 2008/09 Baseline by Element Scores Overall Index Destructive Behaviour Element Deprivation Element Perception Element Sutton Four Oaks 27 Sutton Four Oaks 51 Sutton Four Oaks 43 Sutton Vesey 18 Sutton Vesey 26 Sutton New Hall 47 Sutton New Hall 41 Moseley And Kings Heath 13 Sutton New Hall 26 Sutton Trinity 39 Sutton Vesey 37 Sutton Four Oaks 10 Sutton Trinity 17 Sutton Vesey 33 Sutton Trinity 32 Longbridge 10 Perry Barr 15 Oscott 31 Hall Green 26 Sutton New Hall 9 Hall Green 15 Perry Barr 30 Harborne 25 Northfield 9 Oscott 14 Harborne 28 Perry Barr 23 Oscott 9 Moseley And Kings Heath 11 Hall Green 26 Selly Oak 23 South Yardley 8 Bournville 11 Bournville 23 Bournville 22 Billesley 8 Harborne 10 Billesley 17 Northfield 17 Brandwood 7 Selly Oak 10 Springfield 16 Edgbaston 14 Selly Oak 6 Northfield 10 Longbridge 16 Oscott 12 Perry Barr 6 Longbridge 8 Sheldon 14 Quinton 10 Hall Green 4 Billesley 6 Moseley And Kings Heath 10 Moseley And Kings Heath 8 Weoley 3 Brandwood 5 Weoley 9 Handsworth Wood 7 Acocks Green 2 Edgbaston 4 Edgbaston 9 Sheldon 6 Sparkbrook 2 Weoley 4 Quinton 7 Brandwood 5 Sutton Trinity 1 Sheldon 4 Erdington 6 Erdington 4 Kings Norton 1 Springfield 3 Acocks Green 6 Weoley 4 Birmingham Score 0 Quinton 3 Kings Norton 3 Springfield 3 Sheldon 0 South Yardley 2 Brandwood 3 Longbridge 1 Bournville 0 Acocks Green 0 South Yardley 2 Birmingham Score 0 Handsworth Wood -1 Birmingham Score 0 Birmingham Score 0 Bartley Green -4 Springfield -2 Kings Norton 0 Bartley Green 0 Kings Norton -4 Edgbaston -2 Handsworth Wood -1 Northfield -1 Billesley -5 Aston -2 Erdington -1 Selly Oak -1 Hodge Hill -5 Quinton -3 Hodge Hill -6 Tyburn -8 Acocks Green -8 Bordesley Green -3 Bartley Green -7 Hodge Hill -8 South Yardley -9 Ladywood -3 Stockland Green -8 Handsworth Wood -13 Tyburn -10 Harborne -3 Tyburn -8 Stockland Green -15 Stockland Green -10 Washwood Heath -5 Stechford and Yardley North -10 Bordesley Green -19 Stechford and Yardley North -10 Stockland Green -5 Bordesley Green -11 Stechford and Yardley North -23 Bordesley Green -21 Soho -5 Sparkbrook -13 Sparkbrook -23 Kingstanding -22 Hodge Hill -6 Aston -15 Lozells And East Handsworth -24 Shard End -28 Stechford and Yardley North -6 Shard End -18 Shard End -27 Aston -30 Erdington -7 Soho -20 Aston -30 Ladywood -30 Tyburn -8 Washwood Heath -20 Kingstanding -37 Soho -30 Nechells -9 Ladywood -22 Nechells -44 Washwood Heath -32 Shard End -9 Lozells And East Handsworth -23 Washwood Heath -45 Sparkbrook -34 Bartley Green -12 Nechells -23 Soho -46 Lozells And East Handsworth -34 Lozells And East Handsworth -16 Kingstanding -24 Ladywood -62 Nechells -34 Kingstanding -20 NB. A higher score is better NB. A higher score is better Make all your pretty maps and graphs!!! Drawbacks and future work • They are only snapshots in time. • Geographical ones are easier than community based ones. • Ward based indicators are not that helpful in many respects. • Significant drawbacks in relation to data availability • What do they really tell us? Tell us where not why….. Photos Recognition • NASA Goddard Space Flight - “Hurricane Carlotta Stands Out in Earth View” June 15 2012 • Leo Reynolds “Number 1” Flickr May 10 2010 • Jon Jordan “Number 2” Flickr December 5 2013 • Yuma Hori “Tiny Micro adventure 3rd Floor” Flickr December 17 2006 • Yaniv Golan “White 5 on Orange Dumster” Flickr November 12 2005 “Answering the Ultimate Question of Life, the Universe, and Everything” Developing local multiple dimension indices to compare areas in Birmingham Richard Browne Equalities, Social Cohesion and Community Safety [email protected] @richardbrowne80 .