VDE | DKE Roadmap Low Voltage DC German Standardization Roadmap Version 2 picture credits of cover: mirkograul/stock.adobe.com Published by VDE VERBAND DER ELEKTROTECHNIK ELEKTRONIK INFORMATIONSTECHNIK e. V. as the parent organization of DKE Deutsche Kommission Elektrotechnik Elektronik Informationstechnik in DIN und VDE E-mail: [email protected] Internet: www.dke.de Stresemannallee 15 D-60596 Frankfurt Telephone: +49 69 6308-0 Telefax: +49 69 6308-9863 Issue date: June 2018 2 CONTENTS Contents . .3 1 PRELIMINARY REMARKS . .8 1.1 Introduction and background . .9 1.2 Added value through standards . .10 1.3 Motivation and need for action in the area of LVDC . .11 1.3.1 Advantages of AC over DC . .11 1.3.2 Advantages of DC over AC . .11 1.3.3 AC and DC conversion processes. .12 2 TERMINOLOGY . 14 2.1 Low Voltage Direct Current . .14 2.2 Conformity . .14 2.3 Interoperability. .14 2.4 Compatibility . .14 2.5 Use cases and user stories . 15 3 STANDARDIZATION . .16 3.1 Norms . .16 3.2 Standardization . 17 3.3 Structure of the standardization landscape . .18 3.3.1 DIN, CEN and ISO . .19 3.3.2 DKE, CENELEC and IEC . .19 3.3.3 IEEE USA . 20 3.4 National and international activities . 21 3.5 German standardization roadmaps . .21 3.5.1 German Electromobility Standardization Roadmap 2020 . .21 3.5.2 E-Energy/Smart Grid Standardization Roadmap Version 2.0 . .23 3.5.3 Smart Home + Building Standardization Roadmap Version 2.0 . .24 3.5.4 AAL (Active Assisted Living) Standardization Roadmap Version 2.0 . .25 3.5.5 Energy Storage Standardization Roadmap . .26 GERMAN STANDARDIZATION ROADMAP LOW VOLTAGE DC VERSION 2 3 4 ECONOMIC AND LEGAL FRAMEWORK . .27 4.1 Market . .27 4.1.1 LVDC as a solution for societal challenges. .27 4.1.2 The variety of industries and domains in the LVDC market. .27 4.2 Legal framework and provisions. .29 4.2.1 Energy Industry Act - EnWG . .29 4.2.2 Low Voltage Connection Ordinance (NAV). .29 4.2.3 Low Voltage Directive (LVD) . 29 4.2.4 EMC Directive . .30 4.3 Health and safety (safety requirements, documentation). .30 4.4 Insurance industry . .30 5 PROTECTION OBJECTIVES AND CONCEPTS. .32 5.1 Safety . .32 5.2 Risk of injury from direct current and protection against electric shock . 32 5.2.1 Introduction . 32 5.2.2 Effects of electric direct currents on humans . 33 5.2.3 Results of the DC-Sich project and areas of further research . .35 5.3 Overcurrent protection . .36 5.4 Protection against transient overvoltages . 36 5.5 Functional safety at the system level . .37 5.5.1 What is meant by "functional safety" . .37 5.5.2 The electrical installation system. .38 5.5.3 Normative references . 38 5.5.4 Terms used in IEC 61140 (DIN EN 61140, VDE 0140-1). .39 5.5.5 Additional protection according to IEC 61140, IEC 60364-4-41 and HD 60364-4-41 . .40 5.5.6 Functional safety of electrical installations . .41 5.5.7 Assessment of functional safety based on EN 50495 (DIN EN 50495, VDE 0170-18) for circuit protection devices or protection functions integrated in equipment. .42 5.6 Arc faults . .43 5.6.1 General . .43 5.6.2 Arc fault protection systems in power switchgear and controlgear assemblies (PSC assemblies) . .44 5.6.3 Danger to persons from electric arc faults and protection from thermal effects . .44 5.6.4 Arc faults in low-voltage systems . 46 5.6.5 Arcs in electrical installations . .47 5.7 Testing and operation . 47 4 5.8 Disconnection and switching . .48 5.8.1 General . .48 5.8.2 Semiconductor elements . .48 5.8.3 Connectors and plug-and-socket devices. .48 5.8.4 Reverse polarity protection . .49 5.8.5 Plugs and sockets. .50 5.8.6 DC connectors in data centres and switching centres . .51 5.8.7 Devices for the connection of luminaires. .52 5.9 Protection against residual and reverse voltages . .52 5.10 Automatic restarting. .53 5.11 Application of the "Five safety rules" of electrical engineering . .53 5.11.1 General information . .53 5.11.2 The five safety rules . .54 5.11.3 Disconnect from power source (Rule 1) . 55 5.11.4 Secure against being switched on again (Rule 2) . .58 5.11.5 Determine absence of voltage (Rule 3) . .59 5.11.6 Earth and short-circuit (Rule 4) . .60 5.11.7 Cover or fence off adjacent live parts (Rule 5) . 61 5.11.8 Standards and regulations . .61 6 BASIC ELEMENTS FOR SAFETY AND OPERATION . 62 6.1 Basic protection. .62 6.2 Fault protection . ..