FIKRAT JAHANGIROV LANGUAGE AND CULTURE 1 MINISTRY OF EDUCATION OF THE REPUBLIC OF AZERBAIJAN AZERBAIJAN UNIVERSITY OF LANGUAGES FIKRAT JAHANGIROV LANGUAGE AND CULTURE (Coursebook for master’s degree) The coursebook was published by the decision of the Scientific Board of the Azerbaijan University of Languages, December 26, 2018 (Protocol № 22) BAKU - 2019 2 Editor: Abdullayev K.M. Academician, Rector of AUL Reviewers: Mammadov A.Y. Doctor of philology, professor Tahirov I.M. Doctor of philology, professor Fikrat Jahangirov. Language and Culture. Baku, 2019. COPYRIGHT All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, transmitted, stored in a retrieval system without the written permission of the author. 3 CONTENTS Preface...................................................................................... 8 Subject 1. The alternation of paradigms in linguistics. The new paradigm of knowledge and the place of language and culture in it..................................................... 14 1.1. Anthropocentric paradigm in linguistics and the place of language and culture in it.......................................................... 14 1.2. The place of language and culture in other linguistic subjects....................................................................................... 18 Subject 2. A view on the history of «language and culture» in the world science The world´s conceptual and language panorama........................................................ 20 2.1. A view on the history of «language and culture»............... 20 2.2. The world´s conceptual and language panorama................ 24 2.3. Ethnic mentality, the world panorama and language........ 27 Subject 3. The basic concepts of «Language and culture». 29 3.1. Culture as the world of meaning......................................... 29 3.2. Ethnic mentality................................................................. 33 Subject 4. Linguoculturological analysis of the essence of language.............................................................................. 37 4.1. Linguoculturological description of the regional language 37 4.2. Literary language as elitist culture..................................... 38 4.3. Argo as subculture.............................................................. 39 4.4. Metaphor as the carrier of culture...................................... 40 4 4.5. Symbol as a stereotype of culture........................................ 43 4.6. The meanings of the colours................................................ 49 4.7. Streotype as an object of cultural atmosphere..................... 51 Subject 5. A view on the Azerbaijani language from the prism of linguocultural analysis.................................. 54 5.1. Multilingualism and multiculturalism in Azerbaijan from the ancient times up to the XIII century........................... 54 5.2. The influence of different cultures on the development of the Azerbaijani language in the XIII-XX centuries.................. 56 Subject 6. Fundamentals of linguistic anthropology...... 59 6.1. Linguistic relativity............................................................ 60 6.2. Sapir-Whorf hypothesis...................................................... 61 Subject 7. Language and cultural meaning....................... 65 7.1. Cultural hypothesis............................................................. 65 7.2. Expanded and transient meanings. Metaphor and metonymy.................................................................................. 68 Subject 8. Meaning as a sign................................................ 74 8.1. Linguistic sign.................................................................... 74 8.2. Meaning of signs................................................................. 75 8.3. Cultural coding................................................................... 75 8.4. Semantic cohesion............................................................... 77 8.5. The nonarbitrary nature of the signs................................ 78 8.6. Symbols............................................................................... 79 Subject 9. Meaning as action................................................ 81 9.1. The context of situation, the context of culture................. 81 9.2. Structures of expectations................................................... 82 9.3. Replica, contextualization of situational judgement.......... 82 5 9.4. Pragmatic coherence........................................................... 83 9.5. Cooperative principle.......................................................... 86 9.6. The roles of participants and the mutual construction of culture........................................................................................ 87 Subject 10. Linguoculturological typicalness................... 91 Subject 11. Speech acts.......................................................... 97 11.1. Narratives......................................................................... 99 11.2. Rules.................................................................................. 102 11.3. Greetings........................................................................... 103 11.4. Apologies........................................................................... 104 Subject 12. General principles of ethnography................ 108 12.1. What is ethnography?....................................................... 108 12.2. Ethnographic methods....................................................... 108 12.2. Learning people in society................................................. 110 12.3. The ethnography of communication: place, participants, subject, purpose.......................................................................... 111 12.4. The structure of ethnography: Places................................ 113 12.5. Participants....................................................................... 115 12.6. Forms of address............................................................. 116 12.7. Pronouns........................................................................... 118 12.8. Places and purposes.......................................................... 120 Subject 13. Arrangement of mutual conversation.......... 123 13.1. Diversity of intercultural intersection.............................. 124 13.2. Simultaneous conversation............................................... 126 13.3. Rhetorical strategies.......................................................... 129 13.4. Speech acts, cooperative principle and courtesy............... 131 13.5. Cooperative principle........................................................ 133 6 Subject 14. Spoken language postulates............................ 135 14.1. The Directives................................................................... 138 14.2. Directives and answers within context............................. 143 14.3. Phone conversations.......................................................... 145 14.4. Courtesy rules or the theories of courtesy......................... 148 Subject 15. Language and cultural identity...................... 151 15.1. Cultural identity............................................................... 151 15.2. Cultural stereotypes.......................................................... 152 15.3. Intersection of languages as a sign of national identity.... 153 15.4. Linguistic nationalism...................................................... 156 15.5. Standart language, cultural totem.................................... 157 15.6. Linguistic and cultural imperialism................................. 158 15.7. Who is the language carrier?............................................ 159 15.8. Cultural genuineness and affiliation........................... 160 15.9. Cross - cultural, intercultural and multiculturalism....... 160 15.10. The policy of recognition................................................. 161 Subject 16. Social segmentation and linguistic variation.. 163 16.1. Social stratification........................................................... 163 16.2. Caste.................................................................................. 163 16.3.Class................................................................................... 166 16.4. Class and network............................................................. 167 16.5. Class-based codes.............................................................. 167 16.6. Race: African- Americans´ English.................................. 170 16.7. The structure of Black Americans' spoken language........ 172 16.8. Situation and context........................................................ 173 Subject 17. Speaking style.................................................... 177 17.1. Narration style.................................................................. 178 17.2. Interviews.......................................................................... 180 17.3. Cultural ecology of the interview...................................... 180 7 17.4. Identifying and using native languages........................... 182 17.5. Written communication.................................................... 183 Subject 18. Non-verbal communication............................. 186 18.1. Non-verbal actions............................................................ 186 18.2. The meaning of silence...................................................... 190 Bibliographical