BRIEF CONTENTS Preface xi 1. The Nature, Purpose, and Function of Criminal Law 1 Appendix: Reading and Briefing Cases 15 2. Constitutional Limitations 21 3. Punishment and Sentencing 51 4. Actus Reus 87 5. /Wens Rea, Concurrence, Causation 115 6. Parties to Crime and Vicarious Liability 147 7. Attempt, Conspiracy, and Solicitation 175 8. Justifications 211 9. Excuses 261 10. Homicide 309 11. Criminal Sexual Conduct, Assault and Battery, Kidnapping, and False Imprisonment 361 12. Burglary, Trespass, Arson, and IViischief 403 13. Crimes Against Property 425 14. White-Collar Crime 467 15. Crimes Against Public Order and Morality 491 16. Crimes Against the State 529 Notes N-l Glossary G-l Case Index Cl-l Subject Index Sl-l About the Author A-l DETAILED CONTENTS Preface xi Locating Cases 19 The Case Method xi Legal Terminology 20 Chapter Organization xii 2. Constitutional Limitations 21 Organization of the Text xii Third Edition xiii Introduction 21 Acknowledgments xiv The Rule of Legality 22 Bills of Attainder and Ex Post Facto Laws 22 1. The Nature, Purpose, Bills of Attainder 22 and Function of Criminal Law 1 Ex Post Facto Laws 23 The Supreme Court and Ex Post Facto Laws 23 Introduction 1 Statutory Clarity 24 The Nature of Criminal Law 2 Clarity 24 Criminal and Civil Law 2 Definite Standards for Law Enforcement 24 The Purpose of Criminal Law 3 Void for Vagueness 25 The Principles of Criminal Law 3 State v. Stanko 26 Categories of Crime 4 Equal Protection 29 Felonies and Misdemeanors 4 Three Levels of Scrutiny 29 Mala in Se and Mala Prohibita 4 Wright v. South Carolina 30 Subject Matter 5 Freedom of Speech 33 Sources of Criminal Law 5 Overbreadth 35 The Common Law 6 Hate Speech 36 State Criminal Codes 6 George T. v. California 37 State Police Power 7 Privacy 44 The Model Penal Code 7 The Constitutional Right to Privacy 44 Federal Statutes 8 The Constitutional Right to Privacy and Constitutional Limitations 9 Same-Sex Relations Between Consenting Chapter Summary 12 Adults in the Home 46 Chapter Review Questions 13 The Right to Bear Arms 47 Legal Terminology 13 Chapter Summary 48 Criminal Law on the Web 14 Chapter Review Questions 49 Bibliography 14 Legal Terminology 49 Criminal Law on the Web 50 Appendix: Reading and Briefing Cases 15 Bibliography 50 Introduction 15 The Structure of Cases 16 3. Punishment and Sentencing 51 Introduction 16 Introduction 51 Title 16 Punishment 53 Citation 16 Purposes of Punishment 54 Judge 16 Retribution 54 Outline 16 Deterrence 54 Judicial Opinion 16 Rehabilitation 54 Briefing a Case 17 Incapacitation 54 Approaching the Case 18 Restoration 55 Sentencing 55 Hranicky v. State 124 Evaluating Sentencing Schemes 56 Negligently 127 Approaches to Sentencing 56 People v. Baker 128 Sentencing Guidelines 57 Strict Liability 130 Truth in Sentencing 59 State v. Walker 131 Victims' Rights 59 Concurrence 134 Cruel and Unusual Punishment 60 State v.Rose 135 Methods of Punishment 60 Causation 136 The Amount of Punishment: Capital Cause in Fact 137 Punishment 61 Legal or Proximate Cause 137 The Juvenile Death Penalty 63 Intervening Cause 137 Roper v. Simmons 63 Coincidental Intervening Acts 138 The Amount of Punishment: Responsive Intervening Acts 138 Sentences for a Term of Years 71 The Model Penal Code 139 Humphrey v. Wilson 72 People v. Cervantes 140 The Amount of Punishment: Drug Offenses 77 Chapter Summary 144 Criminal Punishment and Status Offenses 78 Chapter Review Questions 145 Cruel and Unusual Punishment: Legal Terminology 146 A Summary 79 Criminal Law on the Web 146 Equal Protection 79 Bibliography 146 Chapter Summary 83 Chapter Review Questions 84 6. Parties to Crime and Vicarious Liability 147 Legal Terminology 84 Introduction 147 Criminal Law on the Web 85 Parties to a Crime 148 Bibliography 85 Actus Reus of Accomplice Liability 149 State v. Ulvinen 150 4. ActusReus 87 Mens Rea of Accomplice Liability 153 Introduction 87 United States v. Fountain 155 Criminal Acts 88 Natural and Probable Consequences A Voluntary Criminal Act 88 Doctrine 157 State v. Fields 89 State v. Robinson 157 Status Offenses 92 Accessory After the Fact 160 People v. Kellogg 93 The Common Law 160 Omissions 97 The Elements of Accessory After the Fact 161 The American and State v.Chism 162 European Bystander Rules 97 Vicarious Liability 166 The Duty to Intervene 98 Corporate Liability 166 Jones v. United States 101 Public Policy 167 Possession 105 Commonwealth v. Koczwara 168 State v. Toups 107 Automobiles, Parents, and Vicarious Liability 171 Chapter Summary 112 Traffic Tickets 171 Chapter Review Questions 112 Parents 171 Legal Terminology 112 Chapter Summary 173 Criminal Law on the Web 113 Chapter Review Questions 173 Bibliography 113 Legal Terminology 174 Criminal Law on the Web 174 5. Metis Rea, Concurrence, Causation 115 Bibliography 174 Introduction 115 MensRea 115 7. Attempt, Conspiracy, and Solicitation 175 The Evidentiary Burden 116 Introduction 175 The Model Penal Code Standard 117 Attempt 176 Purposely 118 History of Attempt 176 Commonwealth v. Ferino 119 Public Policy and Attempt 177 Knowingly 121 The Elements of Criminal Attempt 177 State v. Nations 122 Mens Rea of Attempt 178 Recklessly 124 Smallwood v. State 178 Actus Reus of Attempt 180 Legal Terminology 259 Three Legal Tests 181 Criminal Law on the Web 259 The Physical Proximity and Bibliography 260 Substantial Step Tests 182 Bolton v. State 183 9. Excuses 261 Impossibility 185 State v. Glass 186 Introduction 261 Abandonment 189 The Insanity Defense 261 Ross v. State 190 The Right- Wrong Test 263 Conspiracy 192 The Irresistible Impulse Test 264 Actus Reus 192 The Durham Product Test 266 Overt Act 193 The Substantial Capacity Test 266 Mens Rea 193 Burden of Proof 267 Parties 194 The Future of The Structure of Conspiracies 194 the Insanity Defense 267 Criminal Objectives 195 Galloway v. State 269 Conspiracy Prosecutions 196 Diminished Capacity 275 United States v. Garcia 198 Intoxication 276 Solicitation 203 Voluntary Intoxication 277 Public Policy 203 Involuntary Intoxication 277 The Crime of Solicitation 204 Brancaccio v. State 278 State v. Cotton 205 Age 280 Chapter Summary 207 Brazill v. State 281 Chapter Review Questions 209 State v. Ramer 284 Legal Terminology 209 Duress 287 Criminal Law on the Web 210 The Elements of Duress 287 Bibliography 210 Duress and Correctional Institutions 288 The Duress Defense 289 8. Justifications 211 United States v. Moreno 290 Mistake of Law and Mistake of Fact 293 Introduction 211 Mistake of Law 293 The Prosecutor's Burden 211 Mistake of Fact 294 Affirmative Defenses 212 Entrapment 295 Mitigating Circumstances 213 The Law of Entrapment 296 Self-Defense 214 The Subjective Test 296 The Central Components The Objective Test 297 of Self-Defense 214 Due Process 298 State v. Marshall 215 The Entrapment Defense 298 Reasonable Belief 217 Miller v. State 299 People v. Goetz 217 New Defenses 301 Imminence 222 State v. Norman 223 Some New Defenses 302 Excessive Force 226 The Cultural Defense 303 Retreat 227 State v. Kargar 304 Chapter Summary 307 United States v. Peterson 227 Chapter Review Questions 307 Defense of Others 232 Legal Terminology 308 Defense of the Home 233 Criminal Law on the Web 308 People v. Ceballos 234 Bibliography 308 Execution of Public Duties 236 The Modem Legal Standard 237 Tennessee v. Garner 239 10. Homicide 309 Resisting Unlawful Arrests 244 Introduction 309 Necessity 246 Types of Criminal Homicide 310 Commonwealth v. Kendall 249 Actus Reus and Criminal Homicide 312 Consent 253 The Beginning of Human Life 312 State v. Dejarlais 255 People v. Davis 313 Chapter Summary 258 The End of Human Life 318 Chapter Review Questions 259 Mens Rea and Criminal Homicide 318 Murder 319 Kidnapping 393 First-Degree Murder 319 Criminal Intent 394 State v. Forrest 320 Criminal Act 394 Capital and Aggravated People v. Aguilar 396 First-Degree Murder 322 False Imprisonment 398 Owen v. State 323 Chapter Summary 400 Second-Degree Murder 327 Chapter Review Questions 401 Midgett v. State 328 Legal Terminology 401 Depraved Heart Murder 331 Criminal Law on the Web 402 State v. Davidson 332 Bibliography 402 Felony Murder 335 People v. Lowery 337 12. Burglary, Trespass, Arson, and Mischief 403 Corporate Murder 341 State v. Richard Knutson, Inc. 342 Introduction 403 Manslaughter 345 Burglary 403 Voluntary Manslaughter 345 Breaking 404 Voluntary Manslaughter Reconsidered 347 Entry 404 Girouard v. State 348 Dwelling House 405 Involuntary Manslaughter 352 Dwelling of Another 405 Negligent Manslaughter 352 Nighttime 405 State v. Jones 353 Intent 406 Misdemeanor Manslaughter 356 Aggravated Burglary 406 Chapter Summary 357 Do We Need the Crime of Burglary? 406 Chapter Review Questions 358 Bruce v. Commonwealth 408 Legal Terminology 358 Hitt v. Commonwealth 409 Criminal Law on the Web 359 Trespass 412 Bibliography 359 Arson 415 Burning 415 Dwelling 415 11. Criminal Sexual Conduct, Assault and Battery, Dwelling of Another 416 Kidnapping, and False Imprisonment 361 Willful and Malicious 416 Introduction 361 Grading 416 The Common Law of Rape 362 InreJessseL. 418 The Elements of the Criminal Mischief 420 Common Law of Rape 363 Actus Reus 420 Rape Reform 364 Mens Rea 421 The Impact of Rape Reform 365 People v. Nicholas Y. 421 Punishment and Sexual Assault 365 Chapter Summary 423 The Actus Reus of Modern Rape 365 Chapter Review Questions 424 Commonwealth v. Berkowitz 366 Legal Terminology 424 In the Interest of M.T.S. 369 Criminal Law on the Web 424 Other Approaches to the Actus Reus of Modern Bibliography 424 Rape 373 Mens Rea 373 13. Crimes Against Property 425 Statutory Rape 374 Introduction 425 Garnett v. State 375 Larceny 426 Withdrawal of Consent 378 Actus Reus: Trespassory Taking 426 People v. John Z. 378 Asportation 427 Rape Shield Laws 380 Property of Another 428 Assault and Battery 382 Mens Rea 428 The Elements of Battery 383 Grades of Larceny 429 Simple and Aggravated Battery 383 People v.