PS 188-02: Neoconservatives and American Foreign Policy, Fall 2010 Tony Smith Packard 208 [email protected] Office hours: Tuesday 9-10 and 12-2 and 1-2; by appointment Teaching Assistant: David Wallsh [email protected] Office hours: Wednesday, 9:45-10:45, Tisch Lounge To understand the logic of neoconservative thinking is critical to having a position on current and future American foreign policy. Here is the group whose thinking and organizing led directly to the Iraq War, believed by most students of the U.S. in world affairs to be one of the most momentous undertakings in the history of American foreign policy. To be sure, the neocons were not acting alone, and their ideas were consonant with major trends in the nation’s foreign policy tradition. Nevertheless, the neocons had the vision and the organization to see that the invasion of Iraq followed the American incursion into Afghanistan, once 9/11 opened the door to serious military action abroad. They were key players in this drama, first by articulating the terms of the Bush Doctrine, then by targeting Iraq for invasion. What, then, does it mean to be a neoconservative? There are those who say it is impossible to have much of a precise definition and suggest that it is nowadays often used as nothing but a term of abuse. But the material from this course will likely demonstrate that whatever the differences among those who belonged to this school, and whatever the evolution of individuals’ ideas over time, there was (and is) most certainly enough of a family resemblance intellectually and organization politically that we most can, and should, think of neoconservatism as a perspective on America’s role in world events that is of fundamental importance to explaining the logic of the invasion of Iraq. That this style of thinking continued to be evident in the campaign of John McCain for the presidency in 2008, and that some of those endorsing such thinking can be found around Barack Obama still today, means that we need to take most seriously the proposals this school makes for the deployment of American power in international relations. The course expects three papers from you. Your first paper, some six pages in length, will answer the question: what does it mean to be a neoconservative? Is there a profile, a family resemblance, a cluster of concepts and emotions that allow us to identify the argument as an ideology? The second paper asks for an analysis of the thinking of Robert Kagan and William Kristol between 1995 and 2001. How did they articulate and organize neoconservatism in the context of the decade of the 1990s (conceived of as a “long decade” lasting from 1988 to 2001)? Your third will be on a topic of your choice having to do with neoconservatism either in the past or as it has been since 2003. Among the many topics that you might choose are: neoconservatism and evangelical Christianity as a political force; neocons and the surge in Iraq and Afghanistan or on their military thinking in general; neocons and corporate 1 America; neocons and the Israeli right; neocons and the Democratic Party since 1995 with special attention to the Progressive Policy Institute of the Democratic Leadership Council; neocons close to Obama, but who, of course, say they are not neocons (such as Michael Mcfaul, head of the Russian section of the National Security Council); neocons and the Republican Party today; neocons and John McCain; can President George W. Bush be called a neocon?; neocons abroad: the story of the Henry Jackson Society in Great Britain; neocons and the American media; reasons for the enduring appeal of the neocon argument after Iraq; are neocons really conservatives?; does it tell us anything that all leading neocon thinkers with respect to foreign policy are Jewish?; neocons and the role of ideas in American foreign policy thinking—how do ideas matter, or do they?; the political biography of a leading neocon such as Kristol or Kagan (although as your second paper is on them, you would need to make it since 2001), Charles Krauthammer, Norman Podhoretz, Paul Wolfowitz or Richard Perle; the neocons versus the CIA from the 1970s through 2003; the neocons and the Defense Department with special attention to Donald Rumsfeld; the neocons and Dick Cheney. Toward the end of the semester, new material may be added. Should you run across something you think of interest for the course, let us know about it and it may be included. BOOK FOR THE COURSE: Gary Dorrien Imperial Designs 0415949807 Routledge, Taylor, Francis Stefan Halper and Jonathan Clarke America Alone 0521838347 Cambridge Robert Kagan Of Paradise and Power 1400040930 Knopf [note: be sure you have the second edition of this book 2004, not its first printing 2003, which lacks an important Afterword] Robert Kagan The Return of History Knopf 030726923X Lawrence Kaplan and William Kristol The War over Iraq Encounter 1893554694 Tony Smith A Pact with the Devil 041595245X Routledge, Taylor Francis Suggested and must be ordered by you at Amazon or by visiting the Harvard UP office in Harvard Square: Justin Vaisse, Neoconservatism: The Biography of a Movement, Harvard, 9780674050518 Check the Blackboard for most of the articles assigned to be read, although you can easily locate most of them yourself on the internet. Where an essay is on the Blackboard at the time of this writing, BB appears after its title. Note, however, that some of the assigned material is not on the BB because it couldn’t be moved and that it may be easier to access the BB from Tufts than off campus. You might want to check the list over early and download what you find. SYLLABUS Some material may be added (and others dropped) later in the semester if new material becomes available. You are expected to have done the reading before coming to class. 2 For understandable reasons, many students put off reading until shortly before papers/exams come due. But that won’t work for this course. Be prepared. 1. Sept. 7: Introduction: Why neoconservatism matters and the structure of this course. Hand out the kagan and kristol pieces on Russian invasion to point out structure of argument. 2. Sept. 9: Pat Buchanan, “Whose War?” The American Conservative, March 24, 2003, www.amconmag.com BB Robert Lieber, “The Neoconservative Conspiracy Theory: Pure Myth,” The Chronicle Review, May 2, 2003 BB Part I: Neoconservatism: The Early Years 3. Sept. 14: S. Walt and J. Mearsheimer, The Israel Lobby and U.S. Foreign Policy, chpt. 8 BB J. Muravchik, “In Defense of Neocons,” Commentary 9/2003, BB 4. Sept. 16: G. Dorrien, Imperial Designs, Introduction, chpt. 1; J. Vaisse, Introduction and final chapter to Neoconservatism: The Biography of a Movement, BB 5. Sept. 21: S. Halper and J. Clarke, America Alone, Intro, chpts 1-2 6. Sept. 23: What is Ideology? How important is ideology? R. Kagan, “Neocon Nation’: World Affairs Spring 2008 BB; “An Exchange: Neocon Nation?” World Affairs, Summer 2008 BB 7. Sept. 28: T. Smith, A Pact with the Devil, Preface, Intro, Chpts. 1-2, and 231-35 8. Sept. 30: Review session, Muravchik vs Walt in the National Interest 9/2008, BB. 9. Oct. 5: paper due: What does it mean to think like a neoconservative about world affairs? Paper due in class at its opening. Late papers will be downgraded. Film: “Arguing the World.” Part II Neoconservatism: From Reagan to George W. Bush (1980-2001) 10. Oct. 7: Reagan’s speech at Westminster, June 1982; Obama’s Nobel Prize Acceptance Speech, December 2009. 11. October 12: Dorrien, chpts. 2-3; 3 12. Oct. 14: Kristol and Kagan, “Toward a Neo-Reaganite Foreign Policy,” Foreign Affairs, July-August 1996 BB; Kristol and Kagan, eds., Present Dangers, Introduction BB. Read the biographical profiles of Kagan and Kristol from Right Web and from Wikipedia (4 essays) BB 13. Oct. 19: Dorrien, chpt. 4 14. Oct 21: Halper and Clarke, chpts. 3-6 15. Oct. 26 : Defense Planning Guidance, 1992, excerpts, Patrick Tyler, New York Times, (hereafter NYT), March 8, 1992 BB; Richard Cheney, “Defense Strategy for the 1990s” (1993) BB; Rebuilding America’s Defenses, PNAC 2000—there was an update of this statement issued after Bush’s victory in the 2000 election, entitled Preserving Pax Americana, Jan. 2001, which is what you will find on the BB 16. Oct. 28: PNAC website: newamericancentury.org: “Statement of Principle” BB; January 1998 “Letter to Clinton on Iraq” BB; September 1998 Wolfowitz testimony on Iraq before the House National Security Committee BB [this needs to be saved, then opened]; Kagan and Kristol “A Green Light for Israel,” 8/27/2001 BB Take the time to look over the pnac website to see what else of interest you find. Institute for Advanced Strategic and Political Studies, Jerusalem: “A Clean Break: A New Strategy for Securing the Realm” BB 17. Nov. 2: George W. Bush, “The National Security Strategy of the United States,” September 2002, BB; Kagan and Kristol in the Weekly Standard, 2001-2003 as well as the Progressive Policy Institute, ppionline.org—peruse the websites for yourself, dipping in here and there to see if you come up with a common world view held by certain Republicans and certain Democrats. 18. Nov. 4: Kaplan and Kristol, The War over Iraq, entire; the National Security Strategy of the United States, September 2002 (whitehouse.gov) BB 19. Nov. 9: Kagan, Of Paradise and Power, entire (be sure you have the revised edition, 2004, which has an interesting epilogue not present in the first edition, 2003) THURSDAY, NOVEMBER 11: VETERANS’ DAY NO CLASS 20.