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Lost Crops of Africa: Volume III: Fruits LOST CROPS of AFRICA volume III Fruits Development, Security, and Cooperation Policy and Global Affairs Copyright National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Lost Crops of Africa: Volume III: Fruits THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES PRESS 500 Fifth Street, N.W. Washington, DC 20001 NOTICE: The project that is the subject of this report was approved by the Governing Board of the National Research Council, whose members are drawn from the councils of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine. The members of the committee responsible for the report were chosen for their special competences and with regard for appropriate balance. Program and staff costs for this study came from the U.S. Agency for International Development, specifically USAID’s Bureau for Africa with additional support from the Office of U.S. Foreign Disaster Assistance. Additional funding was received from the Presidents Committee of the National Academies. Any opinions, findings, conclusions, or recommendations expressed in this publication are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the organizations or agencies that provided support for the project. International Standard Book Number-13: 978-0-309-10596-5 (Book) International Standard Book Number-10: 0-309-10596-X (Book) International Standard Book Number-13: 978-0-309-10597-2 (PDF) International Standard Book Number-10: 0-309-10597-8 (PDF) Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 93086876 Additional copies of this report are available from the National Academies Press, 500 Fifth Street, N.W., Lockbox 285, Washington, DC 20055; (800) 624-6242 or (202) 334- 3313 (in the Washington metropolitan area); Internet, http://www.nap.edu Suggested citation: National Research Council. 2008. Lost Crops of Africa. Volume III: Fruits, Washington, D.C.: The National Academies Press. Copyright 2008 by the National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America Copyright National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Lost Crops of Africa: Volume III: Fruits The National Academy of Sciences is a private, nonprofit, self-perpetuating society of distinguished scholars engaged in scientific and engineering research, dedicated to the furtherance of science and technology and to their use for the general welfare. Upon the authority of the charter granted to it by the Congress in 1863, the Academy has a mandate that requires it to advise the federal government on scientific and technical matters. Dr. Ralph J. Cicerone is president of the National Academy of Sciences. The National Academy of Engineering was established in 1964, under the charter of the National Academy of Sciences, as a parallel organization of outstanding engineers. It is autonomous in its administration and in the selection of its members, sharing with the National Academy of Sciences the responsibility for advising the federal government. The National Academy of Engineering also sponsors engineering programs aimed at meeting national needs, encourages education and research, and recognizes the superior achievements of engineers. Dr. Wm. A. Wulf is president of the National Academy of Engineering. The Institute of Medicine was established in 1970 by the National Academy of Sciences to secure the services of eminent members of appropriate professions in the examination of policy matters pertaining to the health of the public. The Institute acts under the responsibility given to the National Academy of Sciences by its congressional charter to be an adviser to the federal government and, upon its own initiative, to identify issues of medical care, research, and education. Dr. Harvey V. Fineberg is president of the Institute of Medicine. The National Research Council was organized by the National Academy of Sciences in 1916 to associate the broad community of science and technology with the Academy’s purposes of furthering knowledge and advising the federal government. Functioning in accordance with general policies determined by the Academy, the Council has become the principal operating agency of both the National Academy of Sciences and the National Academy of Engineering in providing services to the government, the public, and the scientific and engineering communities. The Council is administered jointly by both Academies and the Institute of Medicine. Dr. Ralph J. Cicerone and Dr. Wm. A. Wulf are chair and vice chair, respectively, of the National Research Council. www.national-academies.org Copyright National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Lost Crops of Africa: Volume III: Fruits Copyright National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Lost Crops of Africa: Volume III: Fruits PANEL ON AFRICAN FRUITS AND VEGETABLES NORMAN BORLAUG, Chair, Centro Internacional de Mejoramiento de Maíz y Trigo (CIMMYT), Mexico City, Mexico ANTHONY CUNNINGHAM, School for Environmental Research, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Australia JANE I. GUYER, Department of Anthropology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA HANS HERREN, Millennium Institute, Arlington, Virginia, USA CALESTOUS JUMA, John F. Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA AKINLAWON MABOGUNJE, Development Policy Centre (retired), Ibadan, Nigeria BARBARA UNDERWOOD, National Eye Institute (retired), Sun City, California, USA MONTAGUE YUDELMAN, Woodrow Wilson Visiting Fellow, Washington, DC, USA PROGRAM STAFF MARK DAFFORN, Study Director NOEL D. VIETMEYER, Consulting Author and Scientific Editor F. R. RUSKIN, Editor (through 1994) ELIZABETH MOUZON, Senior Secretary (through 1994) DON OSBORN, MUCIA Intern (1994) BRENT SIMPSON, MUCIA Intern (1993) MOLLY MUGNOLO, MUCIA Intern (1992) v Copyright National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Lost Crops of Africa: Volume III: Fruits CONTRIBUTORS More than 1,000 people have participated in the National Research Council’s overall study of the crops of Africa. Most contributed by nominating species of grains, fruits, nuts, vegetables, legumes, oilseeds, spices, sweeteners, and beverage plants they deemed worthy of inclusion. All those individuals played a part in developing this, the third product from the study. The following list, however, includes especially the ones who provided technical details that became incorporated into chapters of this particular book. To all contributors, listed and unlisted, we are truly grateful. AFRICA PAUL O. ANEGBEH, ICRAF-IITA-IFAD Agroforestry Project, Onne, Nigeria NEREE ONGUENE AWANA, Tropenbos Cameroon Programme, Kribi, Cameroon SALOMAO BANDEIRA, Department of Biological Sciences, Universidade EDOUARD G. BONKOUNGOU, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso PHILIP BOTMA, ARC Infruitec-Nietvoorbij, South Africa DOMINIC BYARUGABA, Makerere University Institute of Environment and Natural Resources, Kampala, Uganda EBBY CHAGALA, Kenya Forestry Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya AUGUSTINE CHARLES CHIKUNI, National Herbarium & Botanic Gardens of Malawi, Zomba, Malawi LOU COETZER, Department of Botany, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa ROY DANFORTH, Loko Agroforestry Program, Congo IDRISSA DICKO, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso EDMOND DOUNIAS, CNRS, Montpellier, France PIERRE DU PLESSIS, CRIAA SA-DC, Windhoek, Namibia ROSEMARY DU PREEZ, ARC-Institute for Tropical and Subtropical Crops, Nelspruit, South Africa HERMAN ELS, Centre for Indigenous Knowledge, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa KLAUS FLEISSNER, Mahene Research Station, Ombalantu, Namibia BERNARD FOAHOM, Tropenbos Cameroon Programme, Kribi, Cameroon FRANCIS N. GACHATHI, Kenya Forestry Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya BARBARA GEMMILL, University of Nairobi and Environment Liaison Center International, Nairobi, Kenya VELDIE VAN GREUNING, Department of Botany, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa CORI HAM, Department of Forest Science, University of Stellenbosch, Matieland, South Africa MARLISE JOUBERT, ARC Infruitec-Nietvoorbij, Stellenbosch, South Africa vi Copyright National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Lost Crops of Africa: Volume III: Fruits ROBERT KAITHO, International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya DAVID KENFACK, Limbe Botanic Garden, Limbe, Cameroon JOSEPH KENGUE, IRAD, Yaounde, Cameroon HERTA KOLBERG, National Plant Genetic Resources Centre, Windhoek, Namibia DAVID O. LADIPO, CENRAD, Jericho Hills, Ibadan, Nigeria PETER LOVETT, Meteo. Services Department, Legon, Accra, Ghana GILLIAN MAGGS-KÖLLING, National Botanical Research Institute, Windhoek, Namibia COLEEN MANNHEIMER, National Herbarium, Windhoek, Namibia HENK MAST, Eden Foundation,