u.c1 P & W d AGARD~ 2 ADVISORY GROUP FOR AEROSPACE RESEARCH 81 DEVELOPMENT W a 7 RUE ANCELLE 92200 NEUILLY SUR SEINE FRANCE AGARD CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS No.492 Ocular Hazards in Flight and Remedial Measures (Les Risques Oculaires w x7 ro*SSeaby et les Moyens d'y Rc proces*d I ,........date s- NORTH ATLANTIC TREATY ORGANIZATION Distribution and Availability on Back Cover PP AGARD-CP-492 ADVISORY GROUP FOR AEROSPACE RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT 7 RUE ANCELLE 92200 NEUILLY SUR SEINE FRANCE AGARD CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS 492 Ocular Hazards in Flight and Remedial Measures (Les Risques Oculaires en Vol et les Moyens dy Remkdier) 2\02 Papers presented at the Aerospace Medical Panel Symposium held in London, United Kingdom, 22nd-26th October 1990. - North Atlantic Treaty Organization Organisation du Taite de IHtIantjque Nord -6I The Mission of AGARD Providing scientific and technical advice and assistance to the Military Committee in the field of aerospace research and development (with particular regard to its military application); - Continuously stimulating advances in the aerospace sciences relevant to strengthening the common defence posture; - Improving the co-operation among member nations in aerospace research and development; - Exchange of scientific and technical information: - Providing assistance to member nations for the purpose of increasing their scientific and technical potential; ! - Rendering scientific and technical assistance,as requested, toother NATO bodies and to member nations in connection with research and development problems in the aerospace field. The highest authority within AGARD is the National Delegates Board consisting of officially appointed senior representatives from cach member nation. The mission of AGARD is carried out through the Panels which arecomposed of experts appointed by the National Delegates, the Consultant and Exchange Programme and the Aerospace Applications Studies Programme.The results of AGAKD wirk are rcpwted to thc mcmbcr nations and the NATO Authorities through the AGARD scries of publications of which this is one. Participation in AGAKD activities is by invitation only and is normally limited to citizens of the NATO nations. The contcnr of this publication has hccn reproduced directly from material supplied by AGAKD or the authors. a Published May 1991 Copyright 0 AGAKD 19Y I All Rights Reserved ISBN 92-X35-0616-2 I’rinied by .Spcirrli,sed Pririring Services Liniired 40 (‘higwell Lune, Loughion, E.s.sex IGl03TZ Preface Vision is the aviator's most important sensory system and optimal viswal performance must be maintaincd if operational effectiveness is not to be impaired. This Symposium considered the hazard situation. particularly directed cncrgy, nuclear flash and solar radiation. Visual protection and correction was discussed, as was a number of clinical and theoretical aspects of the human visual system. The Symposium was of interest to both clinicians and those interested in more technical aspects and cquipment. Prbface Pour I'aviateur, la vue est IC systime sensoriel le plus important et par cons&qucnt,il est essentiel de maintenir les performances visuelles des pilotes au niveau optimal, afin d'empscher toute diminution de lcur efficaciti opirationnelle. Ce Symposium a examini les situations 5 haut risque, et en particulier I'Cnergie dirigee, le flash nucliaire et le rayonnemcnt solaire. La protection et la correction de la vue sont parmi les sujets traith, ainsi qu'un certain nombre d'aspects cliniques et thioriques du systemes visuel humain. Le Symposium a interesse i la fois les cliniciens et les techniciens travaillant dans ce domaine. ... 111 Aerospace Medical Panel Chairman: MI C.Bates. Jr Deputy Chairman: Prof. GSantucci Director, Human Engineering Div. Sous-Directeur de Recherche AAMRLfHE E.A.S.S.A.A. et C.E.R.M.A. Wright-Paiterson AFB Base d'Essdis en Vol Ohio 454.33-6573 91228 Br&igny/Orge United Slates France TECHNICAL PROGRAMME COMMITTEE Chairman: Dr A.J.Benson RAF Institute of Aviation Medicine Farnborough. Hants GU 14 6SZ United Kingdom MEMBERS Colonel Dr Med D.Harms Dr E.Alnaes lnstitut fi~rWehrmedizinalstatistik OML/FSAN und Arztlichcs Berichtswcscn Oslo Mil/Akershus Hergstrasse 38 0016 Oslo 1 11-5408 Remagen Norway Germany Dr D.Brennan RAF Institute of Aviation Medicine Farnborough, Hants GU14 6SZ United Kingdom HOST R-ATION COOKDlNATOR Mrs D.Halliday Room 9/151 St. Christopher House Southwark Strcct London SE1 OTD Unitcd Kingdom LOCAL COORDINATOR Dr A.J.Benson PANEL EXECUTIVE Major W.ll.Lyle,Canadian Air Force Secretary Ms Dany Michel Mail from Europe: Mail from US and Canada: AGARD-OTAN AGARI-NATO Attn: AMP Executive Attn: AMP Executive 7. rue Ancelle APO New York 09777 92200 Neuilly sur Seine France Tel:33(1)47385760 Telex: 610176 (France) Telei'ax: 33(1) 47 38 57 YY Pdge ... Preface/Pr&face 111 Aerospace Medical Panel and Technical Programme Committee iv Opening Address OA by N.H.Mills Reference SESSION I - OCULAR HAZARDS, OVERVIEW Laser Hazards in Flight Missions 1% by E.Lill An Introduction to Some Laser Weapons 2* by J.W.Stone, G.G.C.Perkins and 1.G.Bowkely Laser Effects upon the Structure and Function of the Eye as a Function of 3 Different Wavelengths by LDraeger, R.Schwartz and CStern Effets Oculaires du Flash Nucleaire et Evaluation de I'Eblouissement Associk 4 par L.Court, VCourant, G.Santucci et JChevalereaud Ultraviolet Radiation Effects on the Corneal Epithelium by M.R.Lattimore Eye Damage Induced by Solar Radiation by H.Brandl and E-LDaumann SESSION I1 - OCULAR PROTECTION Techniques for Eye Protection 7" by C.R.Brown Aircrew Sunglasses 8 by D.H.Brennan High Transmission Laser Protection Aircrew Visor 9* by J.P.Foley A Study of Fast Acting Photochromics for Nuclear Flash Protection lot by J.Williams Laser Protection with Image Intensifier Night Vision Devices 11 by D.J.Walsh SESSION 111 - MODELLING VISUAL F -RFORI .. CE Valeurs Limites d'Exposition apres Illumination Laser: Influence de la Largeur de 12 I'Impulsion et de leur Taux de R&p&tition par L.Court, D.Courant et G.Gueneau A Two Class Model for Photochemical Damage of the Retina 13 by D.vm Norren *Printed in classified publication CP-492 (Supplement) t No paper available for publication. Reference Predicting Glare and Flashblindness from Laser Sources 14' by P.A.Smith Laser Oracle - A Visual Performance Model for the Assessment of Laser Effects 15. by J.L.Hinton and K.J.Cooke The Effects of Dazzle and Dazzle Generated Afterimages on Aiming and 16 Tracking Performance by A.K.Davies The Effects of Continuous2Wave Laser Countermeasures and Laser Protective Visors on 17' Simulated Terrain Following and Targeting Accnracy by M.G. Dowler and G.E.lrvtn SESSION :[V - CONTACT LENSES Use of Contact Lenses (CL) by Aircrew in the USAF, A Progress Report 18 by T.M.McNish Contact Lenses in the US. Army Attack Helicolpter Environment 19 by M.R.Lattimore 0 10 Years Flying with Soft Contact Lenses 20 by J.K.Cloherty Soft Contact Lens Wear and Aviation 21 by S.Tinning and J.Boberj:-Ans Paper 22 cancelled Elfect of Aircraft Cabin Altitude and Humidity on Oxygen Tension under Soft and Hard 23 Gas-Permeable Contact Lenses by M.R.0Neal SESSION V - CLINICAL OPHTHALMOLOGY Intra-Ocular Lenses and Military Flying Qualifications 24 by F.-J.Daumann and H.Brdndl Cataract Surgery and Intraocular Lenses in USAF Aviators 25 0 by D.L.Moorman and R.PGreen, Jr L'lntkgration Spatiale Visuelle par le Test de Sensihilite aux Contrastes chez les Opkres de 26 Chirurgie Rbfractive par C.Corbe,J.P.Menu, A.Millet et P.Jacquelin Contrast Sensitivity and Glare Following Keratotomy 27 by S.Tinning Paper 28 cancelled A Survey of Colour Discrimination in German Ophthalmologists: Changes Associated with 29 the Use of Lasers and Operating Microscopes by G.B.Arden, T.Berninger, C.R.Hogg, S.Perry arid E.Lund Medical Management of Combat Laser Eye Injuries 30 by K.P.Green, R.M.Cartlcdgc, FECheney and A.R.Menendez - * Printed in classificd publicalion CP-492 (Supplement). vi OPENING ADDRESS by Air Marshal N H Mills QHP, MB, BS, FFOM, D Av Med, RAF Surgeon General, Defence Medical Services Director General of Medical Services Royal Air Force First of all, I should like to thank your Chairman, It is, therefore, timely that the Aerospace Medical MI Charles Bates, for his invitation to participate in this Panel of AGARD should devote a Symposium to the topic Opening Ceremony. Secondly, it gives me great pleasure, of 'Ocular Hazards in Flight and Remedial MedsureS'. both as Surgeon General and as the Director General of The Programme organized by the Panel provides a broad Royal Air Force Medical Services, to welcome you all to overview of the natural and man-made visual hazards, the United Kingdom - to take part in this London Meeting which may affect aviators. It also reviews methods of of the Aerospace Medical Panel. This welcome goes to MI protection and the impact, which both radiation exposure Bates and his distinguished colleagues on the podium; and and protective devices have on visual performance. also to our distinguished friends and colleagues in the This information will be of undoubted value to audience. With this greeting I should like, especially, to those medical officers who have responsibility for the welcome those attending from outside the UK. You are health and safety of aircrew; and it will assist them in all most welcome and we look forward to having you in our educating flying and ground personnel about these countly during this week. matters. It should also help them to dispel the irrational Since its formation in 1952, this Panel has covered fear, which some personnel hold, of being blinded by laser much ground and has advanced scientific knowledge and radiation.