UNITED NATIONS OFFICE FOR OUTER SPACE AFFAIRS European Global Navigation Satellite System and Copernicus: Supporting the Sustainable Development Goals BUILDING BLOCKS TOWARDS THE 2030 AGENDA UNITED NATIONS Cover photo: ©ESA/ATG medialab. Adapted by the European GNSS Agency, contains modified Copernicus Sentinel data (2017), processed by ESA, CC BY-SA 3.0 IGO OFFICE FOR OUTER SPACE AFFAIRS UNITED NATIONS OFFICE AT VIENNA European Global Navigation Satellite System and Copernicus: Supporting the Sustainable Development Goals BUILDING BLOCKS TOWARDS THE 2030 AGENDA UNITED NATIONS Vienna, 2018 ST/SPACE/71 © United Nations, January 2018. All rights reserved. The designations employed and the presentation of material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secretariat of the United Nations concern- ing the legal status of any country, territory, city or area, or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Information on uniform resource locators and links to Internet sites contained in the present pub- lication are provided for the convenience of the reader and are correct at the time of issue. The United Nations takes no responsibility for the continued accuracy of that information or for the content of any external website. This publication has not been formally edited. Publishing production: English, Publishing and Library Section, United Nations Office at Vienna. Foreword by the Director of the Office for Outer Space Affairs The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development came into effect on 1 January 2016. The Agenda is anchored around 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), which set the targets to be fulfilled by all governments by 2030. The demanding Goals set out by this Agenda cannot be reached without a concerted effort on the part of institutions and will require the use of the right tools. In SDG 17, the Agenda itself stresses the need for part- nerships to reach its Goals. Partnerships are key to achieving the SDGs, especially at a time when we frequently hear the phrase “you have to do more with less” which, by definition, requires innovation and new approaches. However, the use of this phrase also emphasizes that we should make better use of the resources we have. So, in reality, “do more with less” can be interpreted as “improve, optimize, find synergies”, as with the SDGs. We have one planet, and we have to optimize and improve how we use its resources. Space has been used as a tool for humankind for over 50 years already; it is not new to the area of development and is a critical resource for developed nations. However, there is room for improvement, particularly through partnerships that have a multiplier effect on the use of space tools. This report shows clearly that the two European flagship projects are capable of great achievements separately, but it is through synergies that their true potential is unleashed. The same is true for other satellite systems used around the world. The best results will be achieved when telecommunications, global navigation satellite systems (GNSS) and Earth observation (EO) satellites and services collaborate to achieve common goals and meet clear user requirements. Although all the SDGs can benefit from the contribution of space, not all the systems have equal capabilities or equal focus. This brochure expresses the contribution of the two European flagship space projects to the SDGs. The United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs is putting together a global partnership for the SDGs as a mechanism where differ- ent actors can express their needs, develop their systems and set up services that will result in worldwide collaboration in the monitoring and achievement of the SDGs for the benefit of humankind. Ms Simonetta Di Pippo Director, Office for Outer Space Affairs iii Foreword by the Executive Director of the European Global Navigation Satellite Systems Agency It is with great pleasure that I present this joint study on the role of global navigation satellite systems (GNSS) and Earth observation (EO), with special focus on European GNSS and Copernicus, in supporting the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). While GNSS determines a precise position anytime, anywhere on the globe, EO provides information on the Earth’s surface, its atmosphere and marine systems. As this study clearly shows, the joint use of both systems unleashes an array of synergies that will have a sub- stantial impact on sustainable development. Out of many areas where we are already seeing the benefits of combining the GNSS and EO data, there are two that provide already evident societal benefits: precision farming and the contribution of space technologies to the development of smart cities. Additionally, in all modes of transport, more precise positioning means more efficient and direct routes— key to reducing greenhouse emissions. From providing the maps needed to find the best locations for renewable energy infrastructure to outlining the most fuel-efficient flight paths, optimizing road transportation routes and infrastructure monitoring, applications using both GNSS and EO provide the answer to many societal challenges. I look forward to working with the United Nations as we enhance the convergence of GNSS and EO to create new solutions that will help us achieve the SDGs. Carlo des Dorides Executive Director of the European GNSS Agency v List of abbreviations AR Augmented reality CEOS Committee on Earth Observation Satellites CGLS Copernicus Global Land Service CLMS Copernicus Land Monitoring System CMEMS Copernicus Marine Environment Monitoring Service DAS Driver Advisory System DIAS Data and Information Access Services EC European Commission ECMWF European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts ECV Essential climate variables EDAS EGNOS Data Access Service EEA European Environment Agency EGNOS European Geostationary Navigation Overlay Service EGNSS European Global Navigation Satellite Systems EMS Emergency Management Service EMSA European Maritime Safety Agency EO Earth observation ESA European Space Agency FOC Full operational capability GAGAN GPS-aided geo-augmented navigation GCC Galileo Control Centres GCOS Global Climate Observing System GDP Gross domestic product GEO Group on Earth Observations GIS Geographic information systems GLONASS GLObal NAvigation Satellite System GLS Global Land Service GMES Global Monitoring for Environment and Security GNSS Global navigation satellite system GPS Global Positioning System GRC Galileo Reference Centre GRSP Geodetic reference service provider GSC GNSS Service Centre GSMC Galileo Security Monitoring Centre GST Galileo System Time GTRF Galileo Terrestrial Reference Frame IoT Internet of Things KASS Korean Augmentation Satellite System vii LBS Location-based services MCC Mission Control Centres MDG Millennium Development Goals MoU Memorandum of Understanding MTG Meteosat Third Generation MTSAT Multifunctional transport satellite NLES Navigation Land Earth Stations NRT Near-real-time NTC Non-time-critical PBN Performance-based navigation PRS Public regulated service R&D Research and development RIMS Ranging and integrity monitoring stations RUC Road user charging SAR Search and rescue SBAS Satellite-based augmentation system SDCM System of differential correction and monitoring SDG Sustainable Development Goals SEA Support to external action SGDSP SAR/Galileo Data Service Provider SLSTR Sea and land surface temperature radiometer SNASS Satellite navigation augmentation system SRAL SAR radar altimeter STC Short-time-critical TSP Time service provider UAS Unmanned aircraft systems UCP User consultation platform UNOOSA United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs VAS Value-added services VHR Very high resolution VMS Vessel monitoring system VRA Variable rate application WAAS Wide-area augmentation system viii Contents Foreword by the Director of the Office for Outer Space Affairs . iii Foreword by the Executive Director of the European GNSS Agency . v List of abbreviations . vii 1 . Executive summary . 1 2 . Background of the study . 5 Context ........................................................... 5 Introduction to the Sustainable Development Goals ......................... 6 The role of space in the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development ........... 8 International context for global navigation satellite systems ................. 10 International context for Earth observation ............................. 12 Study objectives and adopted methodology ................................ 13 3 . The European Union space programmes: European Global Navigation Satellite System and Copernicus . 15 European Global Navigation Satellite System ............................... 15 Galileo programme overview ........................................ 15 European Geostationary Navigation Overlay Service programme overview ..... 18 European Global Navigation Satellite System and Global Navigation Satellite System market and users ..................................... 20 Copernicus ......................................................... 26 Copernicus programme overview ..................................... 26 Copernicus market and users ........................................ 29 4 . European Global Navigation Satellite System-Copernicus synergies in support of the SDGs . 33 Synergies alongside the value chains ...................................... 33 Synergies at the satellite service provision level .............................. 34 Synergies across