Florida State University Libraries Electronic Theses, Treatises and Dissertations The Graduate School 2003 Pre-Nagpra Native American Reburial Policy and Its Implications on Cultural and Linguistic Classification Ryan Lawrence Pendleton Follow this and additional works at the FSU Digital Library. For more information, please contact [email protected] THE FLORIDA STATE UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF ARTS AND SCIENCES PRE-NAGPRA NATIVE AMERICAN REBURIAL POLICY AND ITS IMPLICATIONS ON CULTURAL AND LINGUISTIC CLASSIFICATION BY RYAN LAWRENCE PENDLETON A Thesis submitted to the Department of Anthropology in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Masters of Art Degree Awarded: Summer Semester, 2003 The members of the Committee approve the thesis of Ryan L. Pendleton defended on June 24th, 2003. ______________________________ Michael K. Faught Professor Directing Thesis ______________________________ Glen H. Doran Committee Member ______________________________ Bruce T. Grindal Committee Member Approved: ________________________________________________________________________ Dean Falk, Chair, Department of Anthropology ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This thesis, while taking me entirely too long to complete, could not have happened without the support from others. I would first like to thank my parents, Larry Pendleton and Denise Loomis, for if it wasn’t for their support and constant chiding I would never have finished. I know it took seven years, but its finally done. Thanks to Deborah Leslie for allowing me use the questionnaire data from the survey she designed and sent out. Thanks to Anthony Paredes for giving me the data set and starting me on my research path. Thanks to Glen Doran and Bruce Grindal for their input and their assistance in finishing in that final last minute rush. Special thanks to Michael Faught for your constant support and guidance. Your energy, creativity, and brilliance, not only aided me in my thesis development, but helped in my development, both professional and personal. Thanks to my entire family for their support. Thanks to Steven Kidd for your great friendship and making me feel better because your thesis isn’t complete. Thanks to Mr. Glass for helping me through the thesis writing and for causing me to take seven years. Thanks to Greg Heide for your support and judgement which spurred me through the thesis completion. Last but not least thanks to Camila Tobon, the love of my life, without your positive reinforcement and love I would not have finished. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF TABLES ..............................................................................................................vi LIST OF FIGURES .......................................................................................................... vii ABSTRACT..................................................................................................................... viii CHAPTER 1-INTRODUCTION........................................................................................ 1 CHAPTER 2- HISTORY OF CLASSIFICATION OF NATIVE AMERICANS.............. 5 Colonial Contributions..................................................................................................... 5 Native American Historical Linguistics: 17th-Early 19th Centuries................................. 7 Native American Historical Linguistics: 19th Century................................................... 9 Pierre Duponceau......................................................................................................... 9 Albert Gallatin............................................................................................................ 10 Native American Historical Linguistics: Late 19th Century.......................................... 13 John Wesley Powell ................................................................................................... 14 Native American Historical Linguistics: 20th Century.................................................. 18 Franz Boas.................................................................................................................. 18 Edward Sapir.............................................................................................................. 20 Joseph Greenberg....................................................................................................... 23 Lyle Campbell............................................................................................................ 24 Joel Sherzer................................................................................................................ 24 Other Classifications...................................................................................................... 25 CHAPTER 3-PROBLEMS AND METHODS ................................................................. 26 Questions Being Asked.................................................................................................. 26 Origin and Development of this Study.......................................................................... 26 The Questionnaire.......................................................................................................... 27 The Database ................................................................................................................. 29 Classifications ................................................................................................................ 30 Sapir’s Super Six Classification.................................................................................... 30 Sherzer’s Linguistic Area Classification....................................................................... 32 Campbell’s Classification.............................................................................................. 33 Greenberg’s Classification............................................................................................. 34 Neo-Culture Area........................................................................................................... 35 CHAPTER 4-RESULTS................................................................................................... 36 Linguistic and Cultural Groupings Comparisons .......................................................... 36 Solidarity of Answering................................................................................................. 37 Variability Analysis ....................................................................................................... 39 Deviation Analysis......................................................................................................... 41 Don’t Know Analysis .................................................................................................... 42 CHAPTER 5- CONCLUSIONS....................................................................................... 45 Greenberg...................................................................................................................... 46 Sapir............................................................................................................................... 47 iv Campbell........................................................................................................................ 47 Sherzer ........................................................................................................................... 48 Current Location............................................................................................................ 48 Question Genres............................................................................................................. 49 Pan-Indianism................................................................................................................ 49 Conclusions and Recommendations .............................................................................. 50 APPENDIX A................................................................................................................... 52 APPENDIX B................................................................................................................... 55 APPENDIX C ................................................................................................................... 58 APPENDIX D................................................................................................................... 59 APPENDIX E................................................................................................................... 60 APPENDIX F.................................................................................................................... 61 APPENDIX G................................................................................................................... 62 BIBLIOGRAPHY............................................................................................................. 69 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH ............................................................................................ 74 v LIST OF TABLES Table 1: State Breakdown of Tribes Contacted for Survey……………………………..28 Table 2: Question Summary and Thematic Category…….……………………………..31 Table 3: Solidarity of Answering Analysis Results……….…………………………….37 Table 4: Results from Variability Analysis……………….…………………………….39 Table 5: Deviation Analysis……………………………….…………………………….41 Table 6: Results from Don’t Analysis…………………………………………………..43 vi LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1: Map Showing Powell’s 1891 Classification…………………………..……..17