Glossary of Proper Names A ʿAbdAllāh b.ʿUmar (d. 73/693): Companion of the Prophet and son of the Caliph ʿUmar b. al-Khaṭṭāb. Was active in narrating traditions from the Prophet and gained a rep- utation for his precision in recalling events that took place during the Prophet’s life. ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz, Abū Bakr (d. 363/974): Ḥanbalī muḥaddith and jurist who transmitted the Kitāb al-Amr of Aḥmad b. Ḥanbal. ʿAbd b. Ḥumayd (Abū Muḥammad ʿAbd al-Ḥamīd b. Ḥumayd) (d. 249/863): Early muḥaddith who compiled his own musnad work. Prominent ḥadīth scholars nar- rated from him, including al-Bukhārī, al-Tirmidhī, and Muslim. ʿAbd al-Jabbār, al-Qāḍī Abū al-Ḥasan (d. 415/1025): Major Muʿtazilī theologian, a Shāfiʿī, who presented a systematic discussion of Muʿtazilī doctrine in his ten- volume work al-Mughnī fī abwāb al-tawḥīd wa-l-ʿadl. ʿAbd al-Qādir al-Jīlānī (d. 561/1166): Well-known Sufi and Ḥanbalī scholar in Baghdad who, after his death, became the eponym of the Qādiriyya Sufi order. Was greatly respected by Ibn Taymiyya, who wrote a commentary on ʿAbd al-Qādir’s mystical treatise Futūḥ al-ghayb. al-Abharī, Athīr al-Dīn (d. 663/1264 or 1265): Influential philosopher, astronomer, as- trologer, and mathematician. His philosophical tracts Īsāghūjī and Hidāyatal-ḥikma are commonly taught in seminaries and other scholastic settings around the world. Abū Ḥanīfa, al-Nuʿmān b. Thābit (d. 150/767): Founder and eponym of the Ḥanafī school of law. Studied with many noteworthy jurists and theologians, particularly the Kufan legal scholar Ḥammād b. Sulaymān. Some report that he met the Prophet’s Companion Anas b. Mālik and therefore counts as a Successor (tābiʿī). Abū al-Hudhayl al-ʿAllāf (d. between 226/840 and 235/850): Early theologian, often considered the first systematic Muʿtazilī thinker. Introduced the theory of atomism into theology, but all of his writings have been lost. Abū Muʿādh al-Tūmanī (death date unknown): A leader of the Murjiʾa and head of the Tūmaniyya sub-faction of them. Held that faith (īmān) does not shield one against disbelief (kufr). Defined faith as consisting of certain traits (khiṣāl); abandoning one or more of these traits entails disbelief. Al-Ashʿarī reports that he followed Zuhayr al-Atharī in many of the latter’s opinions. Abū Ṭālib al-Makkī (d. 386/996): Sufi ascetic and preacher famous for his Qūt al-qulūb, a 48-chapter treatise on Sufi piety and practice that is styled after a manual of jurisprudence. Abū ʿUbayda, Maʿmar b. al-Muthannā (d. ca. 210/825): Arabic philologist and exegete from Basra of non-Arab, Jewish origin. Was accused of being a shuʿūbī (opponent of Arab cultural and political supremacy) and a Khārijī. Carl Sharif El-Tobgui - 9789004412866 Downloaded from Brill.com09/25/2021 04:49:01PM via free access 348 glossary of proper names Abū Yaʿlā b. al-Farrāʾ (al-Qāḍī Abū Yaʿlā) (d. 458/1066): Prominent Ḥanbalī jurist and theologian, referred to by fellow Ḥanbalīs for centuries simply as “al-qāḍī.” Author of many works, the most famous of which is his Kitāb al-Muʿtamad, one of the first major Ḥanbalī works of theology written on the model of a formal kalām treatise. Abū Zahra, Muḥammad (d. 1394/1974): Prominent twentieth-century Azharī legal scholar. Wrote over thirty books and one hundred articles on Islamic law, Qurʾān commentary, ḥadīth, theology, and other topics. ʿĀʾisha bt. Abī Bakr (d. 58/678): The Prophet’s third wife. Over one thousand prophetic ḥadīth are said to have been related on her authority, around three hundred of which are recorded in the Ṣaḥīḥ collections of al-Bukhārī and Muslim. Alexander of Aphrodisias (fl. ca. 200CE): Peripatetic philosopher and commentator on Aristotle. Known in the Arabic biographical tradition as al-Iskandar al-Afrūdīsī al-Dimashqī. ʿAlī b. Abī Ṭālib (d. 40/661): Last of the four Rightly Guided Caliphs. Cousin and son-in- law of the Prophet Muḥammad and an important figure for both Sunnīs and Shīʿīs. His reign as caliph was rife with conflict. Assassinated by an agent of the Khawārij. al-Āmidī, Sayf al-Dīn (d. 631/1233): Major later Ashʿarī theologian and legal scholar. Criticized by IbnTaymiyya for suspending judgement (waqf ) on a number of central theological and legal issues. al-Āmulī, Karīm al-Dīn (d. 710/1310 or 1311): Prominent Egyptian Sufi who, along with Ibn ʿAṭāʾ Allāh al-Iskandarī, opposed Ibn Taymiyya for his denunciation of various beliefs and practices that he considered reprehensible innovation (bidʿa). al-Anṣārī, Abū al-Qāsim (d. 512/1118): Shāfiʿī mutakallim and Sufi who studied under al-Juwaynī and wrote a commentary of the latter’s Irshād. Was noted for his intelli- gence and for his writings on asceticism, worship, and kalām. al-Aṣbahānī, Dāwūd (see al-Ẓāhirī, Dāwūd b. Khalaf) al-Aṣbahānī, Jaʿfar b. Ḥayyān (“Abū al-Shaykh”) (d. 369/979): Muḥaddith from Isfahan. Teacher of the prominent ḥadīth scholars Ibn Mandah and Ibn Mardawayhi. al-Aṣfahānī (occasionally al-Aṣbahānī),1 Shams al-Dīn Maḥmūd (d. 749/1349): Persian theologian and scholar. Raised in Isfahan but spent most of his life in Syria, then Egypt. Was known for his exegetical writings as well as his works in the rational sciences. Ibn Taymiyya met him while in Damascus and was impressed by his eru- dition. al-Ashʿarī, Abū al-Ḥasan (d. 324/935 or 936): Founder of the Ashʿarī school of the- ology. Studied under the head of the Muʿtazila in Basra, Abū ʿAlī al-Jubbāʾī, but publicly renounced his Muʿtazilī affiliations at the age of forty. Subsequently dedi- 1 The Arabic nisba adjective derived from the Iranian city of Isfahan appears variously as al-Aṣbahānī, al-Aṣfahānī, and al-Iṣfahānī. I have cited each figure’s name according to the spelling most commonly found in the biographical dictionaries and/or on the title pages of the figure’s published works. Carl Sharif El-Tobgui - 9789004412866 Downloaded from Brill.com09/25/2021 04:49:01PM via free access glossary of proper names 349 cated himself to a systematic defense of traditional doctrine using the methods of the mutakallimūn. al-Ashʿarī, Abū Mūsā (d. ca. 42/662): Companion of the Prophet and ancestor of the famous theologian Abū al-Ḥasan al-Ashʿarī. ʿAssāf al-Naṣrānī (“the Christian”) (death date unknown): Christian from Suwaydāʾ, in southwestern Syria, alleged to have publicly insulted the Prophet Muḥammad in 693/1294. This incident marked Ibn Taymiyya’s first incursion into political life. Averroes (see Ibn Rushd) Avicenna (see Ibn Sīnā) B al-Baghdādī, ʿAbd al-Qāhir (d. 429/1037 or 1038): Ashʿarī theologian who taught and lived in Nishapur and Khurasan. His Kitāb Uṣūl al-dīn is a systematic treatise that covers the views of various Muslim sects on central topics of theology. al-Baghdādī, Abū al-Barakāt b. Malkā(n) (d. 560/1164 or 1165): Jewish convert to Islam and philosopher. Parts of his most famous work, Kitāb al-Muʿtabar, were derived from Ibn Sīnā’s Shifāʾ, though he was also critical of this latter. Composed a number of novel works in both philosophy and medicine. al-Bāhilī, Abū al-Ḥasan (d. ca. 370/980): Ashʿarī theologian from Basra and one of the direct pupils of Abū al-Ḥasan al-Ashʿarī. Baqī b. Makhlad (d. 276/889): Cordovan muḥaddith who helped introduce ḥadīth stud- ies in Andalusia. Traveled to Baghdad and other cities in Iraq where he came into contact with prominent ḥadīth scholars, including Aḥmad b. Ḥanbal. Wrote a tafsīr of the Qurʾān. al-Bāqillānī, al-Qāḍī Abū Bakr Muḥammad b. al-Ṭayyib (d. 403/1013): Prominent Ashʿarī theologian and Mālikī legal scholar. Played a pivotal role in consolidating and systematizing early Ashʿarī kalām. Ibn Taymiyya considers him the best of the Ashʿarī mutakallimūn. al-Barbahārī, al-Ḥasan b. ʿAlī (d. 329/941): Prominent Ḥanbalī scholar who was the dis- ciple of Sahl al-Tustarī. Famous mainly for his connection with rioting in Baghdad in defense of Ḥanbalī doctrine in the 320s/930s. al-Baṣrī, Abū al-Ḥusayn (d. 436/1044): Muʿtazilī theologian and legal scholar who was often accused of being influenced by the philosophers for his criticism of the Bahshamiyya Muʿtazila. His teachings influenced the famous Ashʿarī master al- Juwaynī. al-Baṣrī, Abū Muḥammad b. ʿAbdik (d. 347/958 or 959): Important Ḥanafī scholar who wrote Sharḥ al-Jāmiʿayn, among other works, and who taught and transmitted the Ḥanafī madhhab. al-Baṣrī, al-Ḥasan (d. 110/728): Exegete and pietist belonging to the generation of the Successors (tābiʿūn). Known for his knowledge of asbāb al-nuzūl (the “occasions of revelation”) and universally revered by later schools of law, theology, and Sufism. Carl Sharif El-Tobgui - 9789004412866 Downloaded from Brill.com09/25/2021 04:49:01PM via free access 350 glossary of proper names Baybars (see al-Jāshnikīr, Rukn al-Dīn Baybars) al-Bayḍāwī, Nāṣir al-Dīn ʿAbd Allāh b. ʿUmar (d. 685/1286 or 691/1292): Shāfiʿī jurist, Ashʿarī theologian, and Qurʾān commentator best known for his tafsīr work, Anwār al-tanzīl wa-asrār al-taʾwīl. al-Bayhaqī, Abū Bakr Aḥmad (d. 458/1066): Ashʿarī theologian and Shāfiʿī jurist who provided a foundation for the doctrines of the Shāfiʿī school of law using ḥadīth. Burghūth, Muḥammad b. ʿĪsā (d. 240/854 or 241/855): “Jahmī” theologian and inter- locutor of Aḥmad b. Ḥanbal during the miḥna (inquisition). al-Buwayṭī, Abū Yaʿqūb b. Yaḥyā (d. 231/846): Prominent legal scholar and top student and companion of al-Shāfiʿī, reputed for his great learning and piety. Listed by al- Baghdādī (in Kitāb Uṣūl al-dīn) as one of the “mutakallimūn among the jurists and authorities of the legal schools.” D al-Dārimī, Abū Saʿīd ʿUthmān b.