• t FISMUJES•4P.,t.i.204 ;01, OF CAMA ' f ic76,4 !;/.:iftl:.\0, B. C. FISHbRIES RESEARCh BOARD OF CANADA Translation Se.ries ',M). 1064 ti Biological study on hybrids of the salmonid fishes. A note. of F1 hybrids between chum (Oncorhynchus keta) and pink salmon (Onconlynchus gorbusha) By Toyohiko Hikita and Yosajiro Yokohira From: Sake Masu Fukajo Kenkyu Hokoku. Scientific Reports of the Hokkaido Fish Hatchery. No. 18, pp. 57-65, 1964. Translated by the Translation Bureau (MI) Foreign Languages Division Department of the SeCretary of Stat:-; of Canada Fisheries Research Board of Canada Biological Station, Nanaimo, B. C. 1968 29 typescript • - J\ /L -1- Biological Study on Hybrids of the r» r. Salmon,id Fishes. (57) A Note of F1 Hybrids between Chum ; :.; !,) (Oncorhynchus keta) and Pink Salmon H 1 • .• ••• *. (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha) • ) ci C•1 I. Toyohiko Rikata and Ybsajiro YOkohira - ....1 Scientific Reports of the Hokkaido Fish CI r'. Hatchery No. 18 pp. 57/—, 65 (1964 ) The hybridization between ehum and pink saimon was carried out du ring 1961 to 1963, and the hybrid • fry obtained were released from the Horonal river, Nitami Province, in spring of 1962 mid also 1963. The observations On te feature of the hyl;rid fry donc before release are 'summarized ;is follows. The • fertilization and development in reciprocal cros>,-breedings proveeded normally, the cleavage having been ahnost the same ,s those of ordinal eggs and embryos developed >bowed no abnormality-. ln such f hybridization. the survival of 0. /zeta (feinale)x 0. goelmscha (m(tle) was higher than that of 0. gothascha Uvinale)x--0. beta (male) throughout three years, having been 93.3 to 94.5 per cent in the former and in the latter 8.1.8 to 91.5 per cent, respectively. The hybrids grew with a goo.(1 rate, especially in male - ping x female chum case. When observed externally the ground coloraticin of the hybrids of 0. hela • (female)x 0. gorbuscha (male), is obviously divided into two types; namely about a half of the fry is pretty greenish blue or durk .green while the other hand is light•dark brown, and in all of ;the hybrid of 0. gorbuscha (fernale)x 0. keta (male) is darltisli brown as seen in the normal fry of parent species. Furth- . ermore: in the former the 'parr mark along the body side tvhich are a characteristic to the chunisalmon show much variations, in some being absent as pink fry while in the other present distintly. However, in the latter all have the pztrr marks as chunl fry. Such parr eharactet; seems to vary according to the ' male parent used. The approximate number of hybrid fry released intô the . river wcru 176.600 in the first year and in the following year 149.186 were released after rearing with various foods for several . months. We except the fry released to come back successfully as abult sa:mon in several ytutrs. _ - - - - Publication No. 178, Hokkaido Sake, Masu HatcherY4 • , -2- Translator's Note. It appears that the accurate translation of common ! • or of academic names is impossible unless it is done by a!, specialist with the actual sample in hand. The major difficulty is that, while the common name, masu", "sake", and "iwana" may be translated to English names trout, salmon, and char, respectively, these common) • names also refer to fish belonging to other species, genu's, [ 1 and family when they are used together with prefix or suffix or with adjectives composing compound namea. C •"` •••• 1.• ' • : ; The translator also noticed that the common names ■ ;•:".") • r ••••1 clearly vary depending on locality. For example, a kind of 117i masu" called "boni masu" (beni..pink) in Honshu of Japan r, ‘-•-■ _ ) is usually translated to pink trout. However, the translator r.•-, '-`1 ■ P.- 0 e.-..) does not know the identity of "beni masu" and "Karafuto ' (1.) (Saghalien) masu". After the translator referred to two authentic dictionaries, a) Japanese-English Scientific Tenms, Zoology, compliled by the Ministry of Education of Japan, published by Dainippon Tosho Publishing Co., Inc., 1956, Revised Ed. 1965, and h) Kenkyusha's New Japanese-English Dictionary, S. Katsumata, Editor in General, Kenkyusha Ltd., Tokyo 1954, the following translation waS applied. They are listed in' the order of appearance, and the translated words are the ones which appeared in the translated .article: • -3- page Japanese Names Appeared Translated Naines 57 Sake-ka salmon family • salmonoid fishes Sake chum (Oncorhynchus keta) Karafuto masu pink salmon (Saghalien trout) (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha) Sake-rui chum class Masu-rui salmon class Iwana-rui char class Iwana-zoku char genus 58 Kawamasù river trout Sake-zoku salmon genus Yamabe see Sakura masu Biwamasu biwa trout _ Himemasu hime trout Sakura masu - sakura trout e:Yamabe (Oncorhynchus masou) . _ 59 Ginmasu silver trout (Oncorhynchus kisutch) Amemasu • rai trout (Salvelinus leu omaemts) Ito (Hucho perryi) Chika (Hypomesus japonius) Kawa yatsume . river yatsume (Lampetra japonica) Sunayatsume sand yatsume (Lanpetra reissneri) Sayori (Heniramphus sajori) Page Japanese Names Appeared Translated Names 59 Menada (Liza hematocheila) Ugui (TribolOdon hakonensis) FUkudojo (Barbatula toni) Itoyo (Gasterosteus aculeatus) Hanakajika (Cottus nozawae) Ukigori (Chaenogobius urotania) YOshinobori (Rhinogobius brun neus) Kawagarei river karei (Platichthys stellatus) 62 Hokke lockington Tara-rui cod Tara cod Madara ma cod (true cod) Suketodara Suketo cod'. -5- , It is very well known that even the higher ver- tebrates can produce a hybrid between different species of the same genus. The fishes which belong to the genealogi \P ally lower class in the animal kingdom produce a hybrid not only between different species but also between different genei-a. The fish hybrids can be produced with most of teleosts but rarely with selachians. The fish hybrids are produced by experimental crossine but they have also been found in nature è--, by a number of research workers. It has been known that he c chum and salmon class, both of which are classified to the c_ o ;1 their • • lower class fish by genealogists because of certain —• 7 primitive physical structures and of their capabilities of • E- surviving in both fresh and salt water by quickly adapting! t:, 1-. their ecological fitness to the changing environment, have r.:.; some other characteristically close, inter-species, intert •....-■ genera relationship. Therefore, the hybrids between the two species belonging to these classes can be obtained muCh easier than between other different species. Of the salmon family fishes, Winge and Ditlevsen (1948) and Alm (1955) have euccessfully produced experimental hybrids of Atlantic chum, salmon and char classes, and Inaba (1953) of river trout of char genus, and Yamabe and biwa trout of salmon genus. • Of the Pacific salmon, Fujita (1926) and Foerster (1935) discussed morphogenesis of hybrids between various species. Hikita (1962) concluded that the hybrids between chum and ; hime trout and between chum and pink salmon, which are closely related morphologically and ecologically, should have ex- 1 collent probability of survival. Recently Terao and Hayashinaka (1961) prepared a hybrid of hime trout of Shikotsu Lake and salmon'of Chitose River and reported that the hybrid showed excellent growth. They are feeding the in a freshwater pond and have released some to hybrid fry continuously studying their growth and lakes and ponds and ; eging, with the purpOse of improvement of the breeds by ' crossing. The crossing of pink salmon and chum has been known to be experimentally feasible, but there SOOM to be sonie in practice as well as acedemic problems to be difficulty solved. Recently Karinine Hatchery (previously Taranhaku Hatchery Of Japan) at the west coast saghalien of U.S.S.R. is experimenting the crossing of these two species. Although we do not have detailed data of the results, the prime purpose of the study has been described by the chief of Karinin Hatchery as "This hatchery started its operation in 1954, and somehow in that year, we found only female fish of chum coming up the stream to the spawning area. We were convinced that the natural source of chum in Karinin area would be extinct if the situation was left without correction. There was only one thing that could be done to save the extinction of the fish. It was to fecundate the eggs of chum It In Hokkaido Translator's Note. tat Transliterated (T.N.) : • s • -7- with the spermatozoa of salmon. The work was risky but we decided to take a chance." * I • We do not have a record of releasing this particular hybrid fry to rivers. Therefore, we have experimented on crossing of chum and pink salmon that come up the Horonai River which runs into Okhotsk Sea, fed the fry for a certain period, and released.to Horonai River. We.also made detailed observations of the fry in order to accumulate the fundamental knowledge on the possible fixation of the hybrid thus produced. This report is a summary of the works carried out by us in the last three years. The authors thank Mr. Takeo Mihara, Chief of Hokkaido Salmon Trout Hatchery, Mr. Fumihiko Hayami, Assistant Chief of same, Mr. Seizo Sano, Chief of Investigation Section of sanie, and Mr. Shigehide Takeda, Chief of the Kitami Branch Station of same, for their various, useful suggestions. The authors are indebted to Mr. Toshio Sakaguchi of Atsuki Branch of Hokkaio Hatchery (previously of Horonai Branch of same), Mr. Norio Urushizaki of Fisheries Section of the Government of Soya (previously of Kitami Branch of Hokkaido Hatchery) and the members of the Capturing Group of Horonai Hatchery for their assistance in obtaining the references, catching the fish, feeding the fry, and sampling, and to the members of Otake Fisheries Association for the storage of the feed and other technical assistances.