Contextual and Cultural Differences in Speaker-Audience Interaction in Korean Political Oratory Hyangmi Choi PhD University of York Sociology September 2016 Abstract This study investigates speaker-audience interaction in political oratory. The aims of this study are (1) to investigate the contextual and cultural differences in speaker- audience interaction in political oratory, (2) to contribute methodological innovations in the analysis of political discourse, and (3) to emphasise the practical implications of the study for real life. By combining qualitative and quantitative methods, speaker’s verbal and nonverbal behaviour and audience’s behaviour (forms of response and collective behaviour) are analysed in three speech contexts of Korean presidential election 2012: acceptance speeches to the nomination as political parties’ candidates for presidential election, presidential election campaign speeches, and presidential inauguration speeches. It is presented that: (1) there are close relationships between orator-audience interaction and speech contexts beyond the cultural dimensions; (2) invitation to respond is shaped by multiple layers of resources (verbal devices and nonverbal factors); (3) grammatical order is an important factor in the cultural differences in terms of the projectability of turn completion in orator-audience interaction; (4) the production of orator-audience interaction occurs by mutual respect of each other’s turn and mutual collaboration to achieve their shared goals; (5) audience behaviour has evolved through the political time periods. It is argued that political speech context (i.e., the purpose of oratory, speaker- audience status, political culture and system), language, and nonverbal factors are important variables in studying speaker-audience interaction. Based on the findings, practical implications in social and political behaviour are presented. 2 List of Contents Abstract 2 List of Contents 3 List of Tables 9 List of Figures 11 List of Diagrams 14 Acknowledgements 15 Declaration of Originality 16 Chapter One: Introduction 17 1.1 Introduction 17 1.2 The Problem 18 1.3 Overview of Methodology 22 1.3.1 Data 23 1.3.1.1 List of speeches 25 1.3.1.2 Background to the Korean presidential election speeches 2012 26 1.3.2 Mixed methods 29 1.3.2.1 Conversation Analysis 29 1.3.2.2 Combining CA and quantitative assessments 37 1.4 A brief account of Korean politics and democratization 40 1.5 Structure of the Thesis 45 Chapter Two: Literature Review: Resources in generating audience responses 48 2.1 Introduction 48 2.2 Rhetoric and Modes of Persuasion in Political Oratory 49 2.3 The Components in Producing Collective Audience Responses 53 2.3.1 Rhetorical devices 58 2.3.1.1 Contrast 58 2.3.1.2 Lists 62 2.3.1.3 Puzzle-solution 65 2.3.1.4 Headline-punchline 67 2.3.1.5 Combination 68 3 2.3.1.6 Position-taking 70 2.3.1.7 Pursuits 73 2.3.1.8 Naming 75 2.3.2 Other verbal devices 77 2.3.2.1 Greetings/salutations 77 2.3.2.2 Expressing appreciation 77 2.3.2.3 Request agreement/asking for confirmation 78 2.3.2.4 Jokes/humorous expressions 78 2.3.2.5 Asking for support 78 2.3.2.6 Description of campaign activities 79 2.3.3 Speech delivery 80 2.3.3.1 Vocal features 80 2.3.3.2 Non-vocal features 83 2.3.4 Content 85 2.4 Aspects of Turn-taking in Oratory 86 2.4.1 Rhetoricality 87 2.4.2 Synchrony 88 2.4.3 Invitationality 92 2.5 Summary 93 Chapter Three: Audience’s Turn: Audience Response 95 3.1 Introduction 95 3.1.1 Studies of audience turn in speaker-audience interaction in political oratory 96 3.1.2 Research questions 103 3.2 Method 104 3.2.1 Data 104 3.2.2 Procedure 104 3.2.3 The criteria of the coding system 105 3.2.4 Reliability 110 3.3 Results 110 3.3.1 Forms of audience response in three speech contexts 110 3.3.2 Collective and Isolated Responses 116 4 3.3.3 Response Rate 117 3.4 Discussion 117 3.4.1 Characteristic features of audience responses in each 117 Context 3.4.2 Cultural differences and speech context 120 3.5 Summary and Conclusion 123 Chapter Four: Speaker’s Turn: Verbal Behaviour 125 4.1 Introduction 125 4.1.1 Research on rhetoricality and collective audience 126 responses 4.1.2 Research questions 131 4.2 Method 131 4.2.1 Data 131 4.2.2 Analytic procedure 131 4.3 The Use of Verbal Devices in Speaker’s Turn 133 4.3.1 Speaker’s 14 verbal devices 133 4.3.1.1 Contrast 133 4.3.1.2 List 135 4.3.1.3 Puzzle-solution 136 4.3.1.4 Headline-punchline 136 4.3.1.5 Position-taking 137 4.3.1.6 Pursuit 138 4.3.1.7 Naming 139 4.3.1.8 Combination 142 4.3.1.9 Greeting/Salutations 143 4.3.1.10 Expressing appreciation 143 4.3.1.11 Request agreement/Asking for confirmation 145 4.3.1.12 Jokes/Humorous expressions 150 4.3.1.13 Asking for support 150 4.3.1.14 Complex category 152 4.3.2 Message type 152 4.3.3.1 Policy 152 5 4.3.3.2 Oath 153 4.3.3.3 Identity/Values/Beliefs 154 4.3.3.4 Problem and Mission 155 4.3.3.5 Vision 155 4.3.3.6 External attacks 156 4.3.3.7 Propose to opponents 156 4.3.3.8 Speech atmosphere 157 4.3.3.9 In-group praise 157 4.3.3.10 Victory assurance 158 4.3.3.11 Encouragement 158 4.3.3.12 Acceptance 158 4.3.3.13 Social justice 159 4.3.3.14 Declare new era 159 4.3.3.15 Campaign episode 159 4.3.4 Reliability 160 4.4 Contextual Differences in the Use of Verbal Devices 160 4.4.1 The use of verbal devices in the three speech contexts 160 4.4.2 Speech content: message types in the Other category 162 4.4.3 Rhetorical devices/Dialogic devices/Content 163 4.4.4 Implicit and explicit invitations 166 4.4.5 The relationship between the verbal devices and response Forms 166 4.5 Cultural Differences in the Use of Verbal Devices 171 4.6 Summary and Conclusions 173 Chapter Five: Speaker’s Turn: Nonverbal Behaviour 175 5.1 Introduction 175 5.1.1 Studies of the function of nonverbal factors 176 5.1.2 Research questions 177 5.2 Method 178 5.2.1 Data 178 5.2.2 Analytic procedure 178 5.3 Characteristic Features of the Use of Nonverbal Factors 182 6 5.3.1 Vocal feature 182 5.3.1.1 Loudness and pitch 185 5.3.1.2 Upward intonation 189 5.3.1.3 Emphasis: Partial loudness 192 5.3.1.4 Vowel extension: long length of vowel sound 193 5.3.1.5 Pause 195 5.3.2 Non-vocal factors 197 5.3.2.1 Hand gestures 197 5.3.2.2 Facial expression 213 5.3.2.3 Body movement 217 5.3.2.4 Head movement 218 5.3.2.5 Gaze 218 5.4 Contextual Difference in the Use of Nonverbal Factors 222 5.4.1 Vocal patterns and Coding results 222 5.4.2 Non-vocal patterns and Coding results 230 5.5 Full Stress/Intermediate Stress/No Stress 235 5.6 Summary and Discussion 241 Chapter Six: Interaction: Invitation to Respond by Rhetorical devices or Nonverbal Factors? 244 6.1 Introduction 244 6.1.1 Background on the relationship between rhetorical 246 devices and speech delivery 6.1.2 Research questions 249 6.2 Analytic Procedure 249 6.3 Invited and Uninvited Response 250 6.4 Synchrony and Asynchrony 261 6.5 Burst and Staggered Responses 267 6.6 Cultural Differences in Interaction and Function of Rhetorical 270 Devices 6.7 Summary and Conclusion 290 Chapter Seven: Audience Responses and Social and Political Actions 293 7.1 Introduction 293 7 7.2 The Relationship between Audience Responses and Electoral success 294 7.3 Evolution of Audience Behaviour in Presidential Inauguration Speeches 304 7.4 Effective of Interaction Management Skills 313 7.4.1 Hand gestures comparisons 313 7.4.2 Interaction comparisons 317 7.5 Summary and Discussion 320 Chapter Eight: Conclusion 322 8.1 Summary of Findings and Arguments 322 8.2 Contributions to the Field 327 Appendices Appendix A: Transcription Conventions 332 Appendix B: Abbreviations of Morpheme Gloss 334 Appendix C: List of Additional Speeches 335 List of References 336 8 List of Tables Table 1.1: Speeches and duration 23 Table 3.1: Speeches and duration by three contexts 104 Table 3.2: Forms of response 109 Table 3.3: Forms of audience response by three speech contexts 111 Table 3.4: Significant tests between three contexts 113 Table 3.5: Significant tests between two contexts 113 Table 3.6: Non-sequential and sequential response by the three 115 speech contexts Table 3.7: Collective and Isolated response by the three speech contexts 116 Table 3.8: Collective audience response rate by the three speech contexts 117 Table 3.9: Summary of the results and three contexts 118 Table 3.10: Summary of cultural dimensions and audience response 121 by countries Table 4.1: Verbal devices by three contexts 161 Table 4.2: Three categories by three speech contexts 164 Table 4.3: Summary of the results and three contexts 169 Table 4.4: Summary of cultural dimensions and the use of verbal devices by 171 countries Table 5.1: Summary of data 178 Table 5.2: Individual features in the use of hand gestures 212 Table 5.3: Vocally stressed and unstressed near the completion unit by three 223 contexts Table 5.4: The incidents of vocal cues and patterns near the completion unit 223 Table 5.5: Vocally stressed and unstressed utterance elements 224 in the completion unit by three speech contexts Table 5.6: Characteristic vocal features near and in completion unit 230 Table 5.7: Full/intermediate/no stress in responded to statements by three 238 speech contexts Table 6.1: Invited and uninvited response by three contexts 258 Table 6.2: Invitationality and speaker’s behaviour 259 9 Table 6.3: Invitationality and nonverbal stress 260 Table 6.4: Invitationality and verbal categories in acceptance speeches 260 Table 6.5: Average response duration by response form 262 Table 6.6: Audience turn-taking behaviour in collective response 265 Table 6.7: Overall audience turn-taking