University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln Other Publications in Zoonotics and Wildlife Disease Wildlife Disease and Zoonotics 3-2011 Assessment of Pathways for the Introduction and Spread of Mycobacterium bovis in the United States Katie Portacci USDA APHIS, [email protected] Jason Lombard USDA APHIS Lauren Abrahamsen USDA APHIS Eric Bush USDA APHIS Charles Fossler USDA APHIS See next page for additional authors Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/zoonoticspub Part of the Agriculture Commons, Animal Diseases Commons, Animal Sciences Commons, Bacterial Infections and Mycoses Commons, Biology Commons, and the Immunology and Infectious Disease Commons Portacci, Katie; Lombard, Jason; Abrahamsen, Lauren; Bush, Eric; Fossler, Charles; Harris, Robert; Johnson, Kamina; Miller, Ryan S.; Mitchell, Dianna; Pritchard, Randy; Sweeney, Steven; and Weaver, Todd, "Assessment of Pathways for the Introduction and Spread of Mycobacterium bovis in the United States" (2011). Other Publications in Zoonotics and Wildlife Disease. 167. https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/zoonoticspub/167 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Wildlife Disease and Zoonotics at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in Other Publications in Zoonotics and Wildlife Disease by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. Authors Katie Portacci, Jason Lombard, Lauren Abrahamsen, Eric Bush, Charles Fossler, Robert Harris, Kamina Johnson, Ryan S. Miller, Dianna Mitchell, Randy Pritchard, Steven Sweeney, and Todd Weaver This article is available at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln: https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/ zoonoticspub/167 United States Department of Assessment of Pathways for the Agriculture Introduction and Spread of Animal and Plant Health Mycobacterium bovis in the United Inspection Service States, 2009 Veterinary Services March 2011 The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) prohibits discrimination in all its programs and activities on the basis of race, color, national origin, age, disability, and where applicable, sex, marital status, familial status, parental status, religion, sexual orientation, genetic information, political beliefs, reprisal, or because all or part of an individual’s income is derived from any public assistance program. (Not all prohibited bases apply to all programs.) Persons with disabilities who require alternative means for communication of program information (Braille, large print, audiotape, etc.) should contact USDA’s TARGET Center at (202) 720-2600 (voice and TDD). To file a complaint of discrimination, write to USDA, Director, Office of Civil Rights, 1400 Independence Avenue, S.W., Washington, D.C. 20250-9410, or call (800) 795-3272 (voice) or (202) 720-6382 (TDD). USDA is an equal opportunity provider and employer. Mention of companies or commercial products does not imply recommendation or endorsement by the U.S. Department of Agriculture over others not mentioned. USDA neither guarantees nor warrants the standard of any product mentioned. Product names are mentioned solely to report factually on available data and to provide specific information. USDA, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service Veterinary Services, Centers for Epidemiology and Animal Health NRRC Building B, M.S. 2E7 2150 Centre Avenue Fort Collins, CO 80526-8117 (970) 494-7000 E-mail: [email protected] http://www.aphis.usda.gov/about_aphis/programs_offices/veterinary_services/ceah.shtml ii Suggested bibliographic citation for this report: USDA. 2009. Assessment of Pathways for the Introduction and Spread of Mycobacterium bovis in the United States, 2009 USDA–APHIS–VS–CEAH. Fort Collins, CO Contacts for further information: Questions or comments on data analysis: Dr. Katie Portacci (970) 494-7001 E-mail: [email protected] Acknowledgements: We would like to thank the reviewers from Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service’s (APHIS’s) Veterinary Services (VS), Wildlife Services (WS), Animal Care (AC), and International Services (IS) for their time and effort. Also, thank you to several individuals from VS’ National Animal Health Policy and Programs, Centers for Epidemiology and Animal Health (CEAH), National Veterinary Services Laboratories (NVSL), Eastern Region, and Western Region, as well as Wildlife Services’ National Wildlife Disease and Emergency Response Program for providing the information and guidance needed. Contributors: Editors: Drs. Katie Portacci and Jason Lombard Authors: Ms. Lauren Abrahamsen, Dr. Eric Bush, Dr. Charles Fossler, Dr. Robert Harris, Ms. Kamina Johnson, Dr. Jason Lombard, Mr. Ryan Miller, Ms. Diana Mitchell, Dr. Katie Portacci, Dr. Randy Pritchard, Dr. Steve Sweeney, and Dr. Todd Weaver iii Table of Contents Executive Summary ................................................................................................................................ 1 1. Overview of the Current Bovine TB Program ................................................................................. 3 1.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................................... 3 1.2 Epidemiology of M. bovis ............................................................................................................. 3 1.3 M. bovis activity in the United States ........................................................................................... 4 1.4 References ................................................................................................................................. 16 2. Recent Bovine TB Outbreaks ....................................................................................................... 18 2.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................................. 18 2.2 Tuberculosis in California cattle herds, 2007–2009 ................................................................... 18 2.3 Tuberculosis in Michigan cattle herds, 1998–2009 .................................................................... 28 2.4 Tuberculosis in Minnesota cattle herds, 2005–2008 .................................................................. 40 2.5 Tuberculosis in New Mexico cattle herds, 2002–2009............................................................... 47 2.6 Summary of outbreaks ............................................................................................................... 53 2.7 References ................................................................................................................................. 53 3. Legal and Illegal Importation of Cattle .......................................................................................... 55 3.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................................. 55 3.2 U.S. cattle imports and regulations ............................................................................................ 55 3.3 U.S. cattle imports from Mexico ................................................................................................. 57 3.4 U.S. cattle imports from Canada ................................................................................................ 61 3.5 Summary .................................................................................................................................... 62 3.6 References ................................................................................................................................. 63 4. U.S. Cattle Industry Practices ....................................................................................................... 65 4.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................................. 65 4.2 The role of management practices in current U.S. bovine TB outbreaks .................................. 66 4.3 Management practices related to TB risk in the beef cow-calf industry ..................................... 67 4.4 Management practices related to TB risk in the dairy industry .................................................. 74 4.5 Summary .................................................................................................................................... 81 4.6 References ................................................................................................................................. 81 5. U.S. Captive Cervid Industry ........................................................................................................ 83 5.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................................. 83 5.2 Captive cervid distribution .......................................................................................................... 83 5.3 Regulations and regulatory authorities ...................................................................................... 87 5.4 Bovine TB surveillance in captive cervids .................................................................................. 88 5.5 Historical occurrences of M. bovis in captive cervids in the United States ................................ 90 5.6 Mitigation and future needs .......................................................................................................