The Sage and Society: Lalon Shah and 19th Century Social Movements in Bengal Researcher P. M. ABU ISHAHOQUE HOSSAIN PhD Fellow Session: 2012-2013 Reg. -07 Department of Sociology University of Dhaka Dhaka, Bangladesh Supervisor PROF. QUAMRUL AHSAN CHOWDHURY Department of Sociology University of Dhaka Dhaka, Bangladesh i Dedication to My Late mother Pancha Bibi ii iii Declaration I do hereby declare that the dissertation entitled “The Sage and Society: Lalon Shah and Nineteenth Century Social Movement in Bengal” submitted to the university of Dhaka for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Sociology, is an original work of mine. No part of it, in any form, has been submitted to any University, Institute or Department for any degree, diploma or for other similar purposes. Dhaka Date: 20 December, 2017 (P. M. Abu Ishahoque Hossain Ph.D Fellow Session: 2012-2013 Reg- 07 Department of Sociology University of Dhaka Dhaka, Bangladesh iv Acknowledgement I am very much blessed with Baulism as my family heritage. From my early boyhood I was quite acquainted with Baul philosophy and had a frequent in-depth discussion on Baul and Lalon‟s esoteric philosophy with my uncle Md. Chand Ali who encouraged me and his encourage seeded more inclination inside me to Lalon and his philosophy. From that inclination I started to learn about Lalon and finally decided to do something on Lalon Shah. So my first gratitude is to pledge to my uncle Md. Chand Ali. Besides this, persons to whom I must pay my debt are our family guru Rawsan Ali Khondaker (Tota Khondaker), Baul Guru Fakir Nahir, Aroj Ali Boyati, Saidur Rahman Bayati, Purna Das Baul (Inadia), Sanat Kumar Baul (India), Sanatan Das Baul (India). I would yearn to convey my heartiest gratitude to my esteemed supervisor Quamrul Ahsan Chowdhury, Professor of Sociology, University of Dhaka for his thoughtful suggestions, boosting encouragement and untiring guidance during the preparation of this thesis work. Needless to say, without his continuous guidance, this would not have been possible for me to bring to light such a work in time. So my solemn gratitude towards him is endless and I am indebted to him forever. I would like to convey my thanks to scholars mentionable Dr. Anowarul Karim, Dr. Abul Ahsan Choudhury and Shaktinath Jha, Sudhir Chakraborti of India respectably who help me to enrich my thesis giving necessary information and advice. I also thankfully acknowledge the financial assistance received from renowned cultural institution of Bangladesh Bengal Foundation which eased financial difficulties to execute my thesis. I herein would like to convey my thanks to Luva Nahid Choudhury, the Director General of Bengal Foundation and Mohammad Ataur Rahman (FCMA), the General Manager, Bengal Foundation respectably for giving me psychological support. I finally convey my profound gratitude to my beloved wife Begum Morsheda Akter, my daughter Maisha Maliha Ipshita, my niece Taslima Khatun and my son P. M. Hamza Sindid who always support me even being deprived from my company. I herein, convey my special thanks to my colleagues who meaningfully extend their assistance to me. v Summary Lalon, also known as Lalon Shah, or Lalon Fakir (1774–1890) was a Bengali Baul saint, lyricist of mystic songs, and a social thinker. His thoughts and ideas immensely impacted on the life and living of the subaltern population of 19th century Bengal. In social and cultural life of Bangladesh Lalon is considered as an icon of religious tolerance. Through his philosophical lyrics, Lalon raised his voice against all discriminations of caste, class and creed in society. Lalon Shah was born in 1774, just five years after the great famine that caused deaths of millions in rural Bengal and is known as ChhiyatturerMannantor in the history of modern India. Lalon‟s early life witnessed various significant events and revolutionary movements that had been taking place in the 19th century Bengal. Lalon, witnessed all these rebellious movements and mass upsurges which were mainly organized by the poor, wretched population. These movements and their ideologies had impacted on the life and living of Lalon profoundly and helped him to construct his own Philosophy of Humanity. The proclamation of highness of humanity was the core essence of Lalon‟s philosophy. By embracing Baul faith a cult based religious belief that originated in 17th century Bengal, Lalon succeeded in creating a common platform to protect the exploited, tortured, economically destitute people of rural Bengal against the bigotry of caste Hindus and class discrimination by the upper-class elites. Lalon‟s creative texts could be viewed as the manifestation of collective social consciousness of his time. There is a necessity for evaluating Lalon‟s songs and lyrics because of the historical and social importance of the same. Lalon through his songs and preaching, in the stream of social relations identified the problems of caste and class differences, the idea of sacred and profane and in an implicit way showed the path to solve these problems. Thus in the above context it can be said that it is indeed important to realize the non-communal, socially conscious humanistic views that Lalon preached through his philosophy and mystic songs. Sociologically speaking, it can provide direction to the basic propensity of life and living of the people of this land. Critical analysis on Lalon‟s contribution in19th century social movements in Bengal and its effect on contemporary social structure, social reaction concerning Lalon and his followers, could significantly enrich the existing literature on Lalon Shah. The studies so far have been carried out on Lalon Shah, are scattered between a numbers of approaches. In this context, this research vi explicitly attempted to focus on 19th century social movements in Bengal and Lalon‟s role to provide a new dimension on the folk tradition of humanity of Bengal, spelled in the saying “...the ultimate truth is human being, nothing is more dignified than that of man”. The basic objective of the proposed study is to explore the impact of Lalon‟s ideas and philosophy that spread over 19th century rural Bengal. In order to cover the objective; discussions on contemporary Bengal society, social system, social customs and prejudices on different social movements which gained momentum both in the urban and rural areas of 19th century Bengal and the influences of these movements in catalyzing changes in the society were made. A number of studies have so far been conducted on Lalon both at home and abroad. Most of these studies attempted to put a religious identity on Lalon and attempted to en-caste him as a Hindu or a Muslim. Further, some researches had also been carried out by portraying Lalon and his philosophy from the traditional concept about Baulism . Many researches attempted to explain the essence of his philosophy as a scripture of secret arduous practice of Baul community. This research is an attempt to cover the life and teachings of Lalon Shah, a 19th century sage of Bengal. It is an attempt to analyze his teaching that shook the mind set of rural mass of Bengal in general, as well as to a great extent even to the newly emerged Kolkata based educated gentry during that period. Even today, the appeal of Lalon‟s philosophy did not fade away rather gradually is gaining momentum among all sections of people. The reason is, his teachings holds humane appeal, particularly for the down trodden people of the society. It is not possible to measure quantitatively the impact of Lalon‟s teaching and preaching on the mental sphere of the subaltern population and also the educated gentry of 19th century. Also it is not possible to quantify the reasons for which Lalon is still remembered with respect and why does a good number of present generation population is gradually leaning towards Lalon‟s ideals in Bangladesh. The reason is psycho social impacts of such issues are not quantifiable. As such I have basically applied qualitative method for conducting this research. One of the important vii techniques of qualitative method of doing research is “Historical Analytical technique”. Research based on Historical Analytical technique needs in-depth analysis of historical facts and figures. Doing research based on historical data one need to be able to understand the reality behind the historical events, need to understand the facts behind the facts. The very nature of this research demands that the method of the study should be historical analytical, a technique that is often used in qualitative research. The reason for choosing the „Historical Analytical‟ technique for conducting this research is, it is basically an analysis of 19th century social movements in Bengal and the narrative of the life and living of one of the great sage of the time named „Lalon Shah.‟ The term “social movement” is being used to denote wide verities of Conception. There are number of competing frame works in the field and each conceptualizes movements differently. Encyclopedia Britannica defines Social Movement as “loosely organized but sustained campaign in support of social goal, typically either the implementation or the prevention of a change in society‟s structures or values.” Social movements may differ in size but they all are essentially collective efforts and they are more or less products of spontaneous union of people. Though the relationships of this union cannot be defined by rules and procedures, but people in union merely share a common outlook (Encyclopedia Britannica 2017). The mass upsurge during British rule in India or tacit protests against oppression, or attempts to reform the social behavior in Bengal during the same period are examples of social movements. I have used Frame analysis for theoretical analysis of my research issue.