STATISTICAL SCIENCE Volume 36, Number 3 August 2021 Khinchin’s 1929 Paper on Von Mises’ Frequency Theory of Probability . Lukas M. Verburgt 339 A Problem in Forensic Science Highlighting the Differences between the Bayes Factor and LikelihoodRatio...........................Danica M. Ommen and Christopher P. Saunders 344 A Horse Race between the Block Maxima Method and the Peak–over–Threshold Approach ..................................................................Axel Bücher and Chen Zhou 360 A Hybrid Scan Gibbs Sampler for Bayesian Models with Latent Variables ..........................Grant Backlund, James P. Hobert, Yeun Ji Jung and Kshitij Khare 379 Maximum Likelihood Multiple Imputation: Faster Imputations and Consistent Standard ErrorsWithoutPosteriorDraws...............Paul T. von Hippel and Jonathan W. Bartlett 400 RandomMatrixTheoryandItsApplications.............................Alan Julian Izenman 421 The GENIUS Approach to Robust Mendelian Randomization Inference .....................................Eric Tchetgen Tchetgen, BaoLuo Sun and Stefan Walter 443 AGeneralFrameworkfortheAnalysisofAdaptiveExperiments............Ian C. Marschner 465 Statistical Science [ISSN 0883-4237 (print); ISSN 2168-8745 (online)], Volume 36, Number 3, August 2021. Published quarterly by the Institute of Mathematical Statistics, 9760 Smith Road, Waite Hill, Ohio 44094, USA. Periodicals postage paid at Cleveland, Ohio and at additional mailing offices. POSTMASTER: Send address changes to Statistical Science, Institute of Mathematical Statistics, Dues and Subscriptions Office, PO Box 729, Middletown, Maryland 21769, USA. Copyright © 2021 by the Institute of Mathematical Statistics Printed in the United States of America Statistical Science Volume 36, Number 3 (339–492) August 2021 Volume 36 Number 3 August 2021 Khinchin’s 1929 Paper on Von Mises’ Frequency Theory of Probability Lukas M. Verburgt A Problem in Forensic Science Highlighting the Differences between the Bayes Factor and Likelihood Ratio Danica M. Ommen and Christopher P.Saunders A Horse Race between the Block Maxima Method and the Peak–over–Threshold Approach Axel Bücher and Chen Zhou A Hybrid Scan Gibbs Sampler for Bayesian Models with Latent Variables Grant Backlund, James P.Hobert, Yeun Ji Jung and Kshitij Khare Maximum Likelihood Multiple Imputation: Faster Imputations and Consistent Standard Errors Without Posterior Draws Paul T. von Hippel and Jonathan W. Bartlett Random Matrix Theory and Its Applications Alan Julian Izenman The GENIUS Approach to Robust Mendelian Randomization Inference Eric Tchetgen Tchetgen, BaoLuo Sun and Stefan Walter A General Framework for the Analysis of Adaptive Experiments Ian C. Marschner EDITOR Sonia Petrone Università Bocconi DEPUTY EDITOR Peter Green University of Bristol and University of Technology Sydney ASSOCIATE EDITORS Shankar Bhamidi Chris Holmes Chiara Sabatti University of North Carolina University of Oxford Stanford University Jay Breidt Susan Holmes Bodhisattva Sen Colorado State University Stanford University Columbia University Peter Bühlmann Tailen Hsing Glenn Shafer ETH Zürich University of Michigan Rutgers Business John Chambers Michael I. Jordan School–Newark and Stanford University University of California, New Brunswick Michael J. Daniels Berkeley Royal Holloway College, University of Florida Nicole Lazar University of London Philip Dawid Penn State University Jon Wellner University of Cambridge Ian McKeague University of Washington Robin Evans Columbia University Bin Yu University of Oxford Peter Müller University of California, Stefano Favaro University of Texas Berkeley Università di Torino Luc Pronzato Giacomo Zanella Alan Gelfand Université Nice Università Bocconi Duke University Nancy Reid Cun-Hui Zhang Peter Green University of Toronto Rutgers University University of Bristol and Jason Roy University of Technology Rutgers University Sydney MANAGING EDITOR Robert Keener University of Michigan PRODUCTION EDITOR Patrick Kelly EDITORIAL COORDINATOR Kristina Mattson PAST EXECUTIVE EDITORS Morris H. DeGroot, 1986–1988 Morris Eaton, 2001 Carl N. Morris, 1989–1991 George Casella, 2002–2004 Robert E. Kass, 1992–1994 Edward I. George, 2005–2007 Paul Switzer, 1995–1997 David Madigan, 2008–2010 Leon J. Gleser, 1998–2000 Jon A. Wellner, 2011–2013 Richard Tweedie, 2001 Peter Green, 2014–2016 Cun-Hui Zhang, 2017–2019 Statistical Science 2021, Vol. 36, No. 3, 339–343 https://doi.org/10.1214/20-STS798 © Institute of Mathematical Statistics, 2021 Khinchin’s 1929 Paper on Von Mises’ Frequency Theory of Probability Lukas M. Verburgt Abstract. In 1929, a few years prior to his colleague Kolmogorov’s Grund- begriffe, the leading Russian probabilist Khinchin published a paper in which he commented on the foundational ambitions of von Mises’ frequency theory of probability. This brief introduction provides background and context for the English translation of Khinchin’s historically revealing paper, published as an online supplement. Key words and phrases: Khinchin, Kolmogorov, von Mises, foundations of probability theory, frequency theory of probability, history of mathematics. REFERENCES KHINCHIN,A.YA. (1926). 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