¨ £ ¥ ¢£ ¢ ¢£ ¢ ¡ ¥ ¥ ¤ ¥ § © ¨ ¥¦ ¤ ¤ ¢£ ¨ ¥ §¨ ¨ ¨ ¤ ¤ ¨ ¢ ¦ ¤ § ¥ ¥ ¥ ¨ ¡ ¤ §¨ ¨ ¨ ¡ ¤ ¦ ¨ § ¨ ¢ ¡ ¢ ¤ ¢ ¤ ¨ ¤ ¤ ¤ ¤ § § ¡ ¦ ¤ ¢ ¢£ ¥ ¢ ¦ ¦ ¥ ¢ §¨ £ ¤ ¤ ¦ ¤ ¡ ¤ ¢ ¤ ¡ The ¢ ¢£ ¢£ £ § ¢ § ¡ © ¥ ¥ ¤ ¤ ¤ ¥ © ¤ ¢ ¢£ ¢ ¥ ¤ ¡ § ¨ ¤ ¥ Wh ¦ ¨ ¤ un ¡ ¨ ¢ ¨ ¥ ¢ £ ¢ ¢ ¤ ¢£ ¨ a ¢£ In en ¢ ¤ n ¤ ¤ ¤ ¦ § ¢ ¤ im ¥ ¡ ¨ ¡ ¥ ¢£ § © ¤ £ ¨ ¤ ¨ £ ¢ ¥ ¡ o ¤ CONGRESS, £ ¢ ¤ © © ¡ © ¤ ¡ u` ¨ £ ¢£ ¤ ¤ ¨ ¤ ¤ ¢£ ¡ ¡ ¨ £ ¤ ¨ © ¤ £ § ¤ ¤ ¡ ¢ D ¢ § ¤ £ § £ ¥ ¢ eclarati ¢ ¨ ¤ ¢ £ ¢ ¤ ¥¦§¨ ¤ ¨ £ § ¢£ ¤ ¨ £ \title{formatting ¤ ¡ ¤ ¡ ¢£ ¢ © ¤ ¢ ¤ © ¡ ¤ ¢£ © § ¤ ¢ ¤ ¤ ¨ ¢ ¥ ¥ o ¤ ¤ § ¨ © n ¤ ¤ ¥ ¤ } informat¡ ion £ ¥ ¦ ¡ ¨ ¢ ¡ ¢ ¡ ¦ © of ¤ ¥ ¤ ¥ ¦ ¥ ¤ ¨ § ¤ t˙ ¢ ¢£ ¥¦ ¢ ¤ ¢ £ ¨ ¨ ¢£ © ¤ ¡ thirteen ¡ ¢ ¡ ¤ ¥ ¢ J ¢ ¤ £ ¢ u ¢£ ¤ ¢£ ¤ ¢£ ¤ ¤ ¤¨ ¥ © ¥ ¡ ¡ ¢ § § ¤ l u ¤ ¥ ¢ ¡ ¤¨ nited ¡ ¢ ¢ y ¥ ¢ ¢£ ¤ ¢ ¥ ¢ § ¥ ¢ £ ¢£ ¥ ¡ ¡ ¤ ¥ ¨ State` 4, ¡ ¤ ¤ ¤ ¡ ¤ ¨ ¥ £ ¢£ ¡ ¢ ¨ ¤ ¦ ¤ ¡ § § ¢ ¤ 1776 £ £ ¤ ¤ ¤ ¥ © ¡ ¥ ¢£ ¢ ¤ © ¥ ¦ § § ¢ A ¨ ¥ ¢£ ¤ A beginner¡ s introduction to typesetting with LT X ¤ of ¢£ E ¤ ¡ ¢ § ¤ ¤ ¤ ¡ § ¤ ¢ ¡ ¥ ¤ . A ¡ ¥ © ¨ ¨ ¢ ¤ m ¨ § ¡ ¡ ¤ © ¨ ¥ ¤ § ¤ er ¢ ¤ ¥ § ¤ ¡ ¢ § ¡ ¤ i Peterca, Flynn ¡ § £ ¢ ¤ ¥ ¥ ¥ ¥ ¨ ¡ ¦ ¨ ¥ § § § ¨ ¢£ ¢£ ¥ ¥ ¢ © ¦ § ¥ ¤ ¤ ¤ ¤ ¡ ¨ ¢£ ¥ ¡ ¥ ¡ ¢£ ¦§¨ § ¤ ¦§ ¤ ¢ ¨ ¤ ¤ § ¥ ¤ © § © ¡ § ¦ ¤ ¡ ¢ ¤ £ ¢ ¦ ¨ ¡ ¤ ¤ ¢£ ¨ ¢ ¥ ¨ ¨ ¥ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¤ § ¡ ¢£ ¤ ¢ ¤ ¥ ¥ ¢ ¢ ¤ ¢ Formatting information A beginners introduction to typesetting with LATEX This document is Copyright © 1999–2005 by Silmaril Consultants under the terms of what is now the GNU Free Documentation License (copyleft). Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.2 or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with no Invariant Sections, no Front-Cover Texts, and no Back-Cover Texts. A copy of the license is included in the section entitled The GNU Free Documentation License1. You are allowed to distribute, reproduce, and modify it without fee or further requirement for consent subject to the conditions in § D.4. The author has asserted his right to be identified as the author of this document. If you make useful modifications you are asked to inform the author so that the master copy can be updated. See the full text of the License in Appendix D. 1FSF (2003/02/10 23:42:49) Acknowledgments This edition of Formatting Information was prompted by the gener- ous help I have received from TEX users too numerous to mention individually. Shortly after TUGboat published the November 2003 edition, I was reminded by a spate of email of the fragility of documentation for a system like LATEX which is constantly under development. There have been revisions to packages; issues of new distributions, new tools, and new interfaces; new books and other new documents; corrections to my own errors; suggestions for rewording; and in one or two cases mild abuse for having omitted package X which the author felt to be indispensable to users. I am grateful as always to the people who sent me corrections and suggestions for improvement. Please keep them coming: only this way can this book reflect what people want to learn. The same limitation still applies, however: no mathematics, as there are already a dozen or more excellent books on the market — as well as other online documents — dealing with mathematical typesetting in TEX and LATEX in finer and better detail than I am capable of. The structure remains the same, but I have revised and rephrased a lot of material, especially in the earlier chapters where a new user cannot be expected yet to have acquired any depth of knowledge. Many of the screenshots have been up- dated, and most of the examples and code fragments have been retested. As I was finishing this edition, I was asked to review an article 2 for The PracTEX Journal , which grew out of the Practical TEX Conference in 2004. The author specifically took the writers of documentation to task for failing to explain things more clearly, and as I read more, I found myself agreeing, and resolving to clear up some specific problems areas as far as possible. It is very difficult for people who write technical documentation to 2Carnes/Berry (2004) Formatting information £i ¢ ¡ remember how they struggled to learn what has now become a familiar system. So much of what we do is second nature, and a lot of it actually has nothing to do with the software, but more with the way in which we view and approach information, and the general level of knowledge of computing. If I have obscured something by making unreasonable assumptions about your knowledge, please let me know so that I can correct it. Peter Flynn is author of The HTML Handbook and Understanding SGML and XML Tools, and editor of The XML FAQ. Technical note The text is written and maintained in DocBook with a customiza- tion layer for typographics. XSLT is used to generate HTML (for the Web and plain-text versions) and LATEX (for PDF and Post- Script). The November 2003 edition was published in TUGboat3. This edition contains extensive revisions and simplifications to the text, and many corrections to the way in which the packages and their capabilities are presented. 3Beeton (Since 1980) £ii Formatting information ¢ ¡ Contents Introduction . viii Who needs this book? . viii Skills needed . ix Objectives of this book . x Synopsis . x Wheres the math? . xi Availability of LATEX systems . xii Production note . xv Symbols and conventions . xvi Foreword . xvii Preface . xix 1 Installing TEX and LATEX 1 1.1 Editing and display . 2 1.2 Installation for Linux and Unix . 3 1.3 Installation for Apple Mac . 6 1.4 Installation for Microsoft Windows . 7 1.4.1 proTEXt (TEX Collection 2004) . 8 1.4.2 TEX Live (TEX Collection 2003) . 10 1.4.3 Installation problems . 11 2 Using your editor to create documents 15 2.1 Markup . 16 2.2 Quick start for the impatient . 17 2.3 Editors . 19 2.3.1 LYX . 19 2.3.2 TEXshell . 21 2.3.3 WinShell . 22 2.3.4 TEXnicCenter . 23 2.3.5 WinEdt . 24 2.3.6 GNU Emacs . 25 2.3.7 Mac editors . 27 2.4 LATEX commands . 27 2.4.1 Simple commands . 27 2.4.2 Commands with arguments . 28 2.4.3 White-space in LATEX . 29 2.5 Special characters . 30 2.5.1 Using the special characters . 30 2.6 Quotation marks . 31 2.7 Accents . 32 2.8 Dimensions, hyphenation, justification, and breaking . 35 2.8.1 Specifying size units . 36 2.8.2 Hyphenation . 37 Formatting information £iii ¢ ¡ FORMATTING INFORMATION 2.8.3 Unbreakable text . 38 2.8.4 Dashes . 39 2.8.5 Justification . 39 2.8.6 Languages . 40 2.9 Mathematics . 41 3 Basic document structures 43 3.1 The Document Class Declaration . 44 3.1.1 Document class options . 45 3.2 The document environment . 47 3.3 Titling . 48 3.4 Abstracts and summaries . 51 3.5 Sections . 54 3.5.1 Section numbering . 56 3.6 Ordinary paragraphs . 57 3.7 Table of contents . 60 4 Typesetting, viewing and printing 63 4.1 Typesetting . 64 4.1.1 Standard LATEX . 65 4.1.2 Running LATEX from a command window . 65 4.1.3 pdfLATEX . 66 4.2 Errors and warnings . 66 4.2.1 Error messages . 68 4.2.2 Warnings . 69 4.2.3 Examples . 69 4.3 Screen preview . 73 4.3.1 Previewing DVI output . 73 4.3.2 Previewing with PostScript . 74 4.3.3 Previewing with PDF . 75 4.4 Printer output . 76 5 CTAN, packages, and online help 79 5.1 Packages . 80 5.1.1 Using an existing package . ..