MODERNIZATION AND NATIONALIZATION iN BATKIVSHCHYNA: UKRAINIAN VILLAGE CORRESPONDENCE IN AN EASTERN GALICIAN NEWSPAPER 1886- 1889 BY TAMI KOWAL A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of Graduate Studies in Partial Fulfdiment of the Requirements for the Degree of MASTER OF ARTS Department of History University of Manitoba Winnipeg, Manitoba National Library Bibliothèque nationale 1+1 ofCanada du Canada Acquisitions and Acquisitions et Bibliographie Services services bibliographiques 395 Wellington Street 395. nre Wellingtori Onawa ON K1A ON4 OttawaON KIAW Canada CaMda The author bas granted a non- L'auteur a accordé une licence non exclusive licence allowing the exclusive permettant à la National Library of Canada to Bibliothèque nationale du Canada de reproduce, loan, distribute or sel1 reproduire, prêter, distribuer ou copies of this thesis in microforni, vendre des copies de cette thèse sous paper or electronic formats. la forme de microfiche/film, de reproduction sur papier ou sur format électronique. The author retains ownership of the L'auteur conserve la propriété du copyright in tliis thesis. Neither the droit d'auteur qui protège cette thèse. thesis nor substantiai extracts fkom it Ni la thèse ni des extraits substantiels rnay be printed or otherwise de celle-ci ne doivent être imprimés reproduced without the author's ou autrement reproduits sans son permission. autorisation. THE UNIVERSITY OF MANITOBA FACULTY OF GRADUATE STUDIES ***** COPYRIGHT PERMISSION PAGE Moderniution and Nationafization in BarRivshchyna: Ukrainian Village Correspondence In an Eastern Grlician Newspaper 1886-1889 A ThesisrPncticum submitted to the Facrilty of Gndurte Studies of The University of Manitoba in partiai fulfiilment of the requirements of the degree of Master of Arts TAMI KOWAL O 2000 Permission bas been granted to the Libnry of The University of Manitoba to iend or seU copies of this thesWpracticum, to the Nationai Librrry of Canada to microfilm this thesidpracticum and to iend or seU copies of the film, and to Dissemtions Abstracts International to pubtish an abstract of this thesis/practicum. The author reserves other publication nghts, and neither this thesis/practicum nor extensive extracts from it may be printed or otherwise reproduced without the author's wntten permission. TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE ABSTRAcr V ACKNOWLEDGMENTS vii ... LIST OF MAPS Vlll LIST OF TABLES LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS NOTES TO THE TEXT xi MAPS xii INTRODUCTION 1 Batkivshchyna as a Source in the Study of the Ukrainian Populist Press 2 Barkivshchyno and the Study of the Modemization and Nationalization of the Ukrainian Peasantry CHAPTER ONE Proto-nationalism Applying the Theory of Proto-nationalism to Ukrainian History Kyivan Rus Galicia-Vol ynia Ukraine Under Poland and Lithuania The Cossacks Eastern Galicia Under Serfdom The Birth of the Ukrainian National Movement in Eastern Galicia Ukrainian Proto-national Identity Proto-national Identity and the Rise of the Imagined Community of Nation Cultural Conceptions and the Rise of the Imagined Community of Nation The Structure of Post-emancipation Eastern Galicia The Challenges of Freedom Challenges to the Power of the Monarch 37 Polish Administrative Homede in Eastern Galicia 38 Changes in the Role of the Church 41 Ukrainians in Eastern Gaiicia and the Imagined Community of Nation 42 CHAPTER TWO 45 The Rise of the Press and its Role in Modem Society 45 The Rise of the Press in Eastern Galicia 46 The Editors of Ba~kivshchyna 5 1 Paper Politics 53 The Correspondents 56 CHAPTER THREE 58 (A) THE THEME OF CIVIC RESPONSIBJLITY IN THE POPULIST PRESS 58 The Politicai System in Eastern Galicia after 1867 59 The Crownland Government 59 The Disuict Govemment 60 The Community (Municipal) Govemment 6 1 The Political Climate in Eastern Galicia after 1867 64 The Perception of Leadership in the Populist Press 72 Mayors and Councillors 72 Deputies and Candidates to the Seim 75 Mode1 LRaders 76 EIections to the Seim 79 Election Preparations 79 The Pigs (Khruni) 8 1 The Rewards 84 The Consequences 85 Other Agitators 89 The Patriots Ot her Lessons Politics, Nation and the Role of the Individual (B) THE THEME OF CULTURE IN THE POPULIST PRESS A Background on Ukrainian Culture Alcohol Abuse and the Ukrainian Peasantry Undesirable Cultural Traits Alcohol Abuse Other Bad Customs and Behaviour Superstition Positive Cultural Initiatives and Celebrations The Temperance Movernent Readings, Choirs and Theatre Holy Days and other Cultural Celebrations (C)THE THEME OF EDUCATION IN THE POPULIST PRESS A Background on Education in Nineenth Century Eastern Galicia Schools Readings Clubs Language The Press (D) THE THEME OF INNOVATION IN THE POPULIST PRESS Order versus Disorder: A Surnmary S hopkeeping Insu rance and Fire Departments Communi ty Granaries and Lending Treasuries Other Innovations CHAPTER FOUR Peasants into Frenchmen French Canada and Le Canadien Ukrainian Identity in the Diaspora pnor to 1925 The Ukrainian National Movement in Eastern Galicia 1 890- 1920 CONCLUSION APPENDIX-Dilo: Selected Village Correspondence ( 1887) SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY ABSTRACT The Ukrainian populist press in late nineteenth century Eastern Galicia serves as a window to the modemization and nationaiization of the Ukrainian peasantry. This study. which functions on ihis premise. examines the Ukrainian populist newspaper BalX-ivshchyna 1 886- 1 889. It begins by addressing severai leading theones of nationdism. Application of Hobsbawn's theory of proto-nationalism demonstrates that prior to the mid-nineteenth century the Ukrainian peasantry possessed proto-national identity . However, Benedict Anderson's theory of imagined communities shows that through a loss or decline of age- old imagined communities (the church. the role of rnonarch) and cultural conceptions (serfdom, the pre-modem apprehension of rime) proto-national identity was gradually transformai into national identity, as people began to identity exclusively with the imagined community of nation. Throughout the late nineteenth century the Ukrainian peasanüy, inspired by both the support and criticism of their populist intelligentsia, would seek to achieve modernity and solidify their role as rnernbers of the imagined community of the Vinian nation. Through a translation and study of the Ukrainian populist newspaper Batkivshchyna (background information on which is based on the research of John-Paul Hirnka), four centrai themes emerge which document the modernization and nationalization of the Ukrainian peasantry: civic responsibility, culture, education and innovation. These four themes illustrate that arnong the Ukrainian peasantry in late nineteenth century Eastern Galicia, the effort to achieve modemïty and Ukrainian national consciousness was very much a reality. Through an examination of the modemization and nationalization of the peasantry of other nations, such as France and French Canada, and a cornparison of these peasant societies with the Ukrainian peasantry in late nineteenth century Eastern Galicia, a sense of continuity ernerges. It becomes apparent that the modemization and nationaiization of the peasantry was a common phenornenon throughout nineteenth century Europe (and European societies abroad) and that in their effon to achieve modernity and national identity, Ukrainians in Eastern Galicia were proceeding in the path of other nations. Finally, a brief examination of the continued rise of the Ukrainian national movement 1890- 1925. in the Uhinian diaspora (Canada and Brazil), as well as in Eastern Galicia and Eastern (Dnipro) Ukraine, iiiusuates chat the modernization and nationalization of the Ukrainian peasanuy documented by the Ukrainian populist press, did not represent a brief moment in history, but rather an ongoing process in the reshaping of the Ukrainian peasant into an active member of the imagined community of nation. vii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 1 would like to thank my advisor Dr. O. Gerus. and the rest of the mernbers of my cornmittee, Dr. M. Shkandrij, Dr. W. Brooks and Dr. D. Stone, for their role in the completion of this thesis. In addition, 1 would like to thank Dr. B. Ferguson for acting as the chair. My gratitude aiso extends to Jeff Picknicki Morski, who intrcxiuced me to Batkivshchyna (and for his continued support), and to Sam Gershkovich, who provided great assistance in organizing the text for pruit. Finally, 1 would like express my appreciation to the Department of German and Slavic Studies at the University of Manitoba and to the Ukrainian Canadian Society of Taras Shevchenko for their continual financiai support through awards, which served to provide inspiration, as well as assistance. LIST OF MAPS .. The Crownlands of Austria-Hungiuy, 19 14 ...................................... XII The Districts of Eastern Gaiicia, 1868.-.. ......,........-.- ----..-.-...-.-..-.-.xm..* LIST OF TABLES 1 Press Run and Frequency of Ukrainian Political Penodicals in Galicia. i 880 and 1885 ........................................................................ 48 2 Reasons Given for Confiscations of Batkivshchyna, 1879-8 L ...................................................................................... 50 3 Editors of Batkivshchyna, 1879-96 ............................ -52 4 Percentage of School-Age Galician Children Actually Attending School. 1830-1900 ............... .....-...-.-.--........132 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS 1 Front Page of Batkivshchyna, Apd 2 1 (May 3) 1889, Year XI, No. 1 3. (With picture of Yulian Romanchuk).. ............................................. ........ 55