Appendix A: Major Record Companies That Produce and Market Enka This list is derived from Orikon Nenkan 1992 Nenban (1992 Oricon Yearbook) and Orikon Nenkan 1993 Nenban (1993 Oricon Yearbook). The names of com­ panies and their major singers appear in the order given in these sources. The date indicates the year in which the record company was established; the amount of capital is that reported for 1992, the central year of my field­ work (to avoid long numbers I have used the Japanese numbering system: oku = one hundred million; man = ten thousand; sen = one thousand). The year in parentheses following a singer's name indicates when the singer joined that particular company. Nippon Columbia 19II ¥67 oku Okawa Eisaku 8,300 man Kanmuri Jiro Hosokawa T akashi Ishikawa Sayuri (1992) Kaneda T atsue Shimakura Chiyoko Matsubara Nobue "Marcia" (Marushia) Miyako Harumi Yashiro Aki Victor Ongaku ¥10 oku Mori Shin'ichi Sangyo [Music Misawa Akemi Industries] N agayama Y oko 188 Appendix A King Records 1952 ¥8 oku Otsuki Miyako Harada Yuri Shimazu Etsuko Teichiku Records 1935 ¥1oku Sugi Ryutaro 2,355 man Tendo Y oshimi 2sen Polydor 1954 ¥4oku Kozai Kaori (1993) 8,ooo man Apollon 1956 ¥1oku Nagaho Yuki 5,ooo man Toshiba-EMI 1961 ¥16 oku KodaShin 67,000 man Murata Hideo Y amakawa Yutaka Kei Unsuku Sakamoto Fuyumi Nakamura Mitsuko Nippon Crown 1964 ¥2oku Kitajima Saburo Records 5,ooo man Suizenji Kyoko SegawaEiko Tobalchiro Mikawa Ken'ichi Tokuma]apan 1966 ¥2oku Itsuki Hiroshi Communications 7,ooo man Sen Masao Moriwaka Satoko Yoshilkuzo Pony Canyon 1967 ¥2oku Maekawa Kiyoshi Yamamoto Joji Ishikawa Sayuri (1993) Sony Music 1968 ¥496 oku Godai Natsuko Entertainment 6,ooo man Nagai Miyuki FujiAyako .