The Iron Bridge and Digging deep: the enchanted underground in Pavel Bazhov’s 1939 collection of magic tales, The Malachite Casket. A thesis submitted to the University of Manchester for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Faculty of Humanities 2018 Rebecca Hurst School of Arts, Languages and Cultures Contents Abbreviations 4 Abstract 5 Declaration & Copyright Statement 6 Acknowledgements 7 I: The Iron Bridge Preface 9 Notes on the Poems 11 1. Walking Dwelling Thinking 13 Hide and Seek 14 Night Journey 15 The Frog Prince 16 Brothers 17 The Art of Needlecraft 18 Mapping the Woods i. Winter solstice, 21 December 2009 19 ii. Spring equinox, 20 March 2010 21 iii. Summer solstice, 21 June 2010 24 iv. Autumn equinox, 23 September 2010 26 An Explorer’s Handbook 28 For Thereby Some Have Entertained Angels 29 Desire Lines 30 2. On Sledge and Horseback to the Outcast Siberian Lepers i. Table of Contents 31 ii. Kate Marsden Leaves Moscow 33 iii. Much to my Regret 34 iv. Appendix to Official Papers and Letters 35 v. A Great Work 38 vi. Teeth 39 3. Holy Fool 42 Sibir’/Сибирь 44 The Early Medieval Balkans 45 Letter From Spring Green, WI 46 The Emotional Lives of Soviet Objects 47 4. Her Unbreakable House 48 The Memetics of Fairy Tales 49 A House of Sorts 51 Familiar 52 Cuckoo 54 Singing Together 55 2 How the Fox Lost his Brush 56 The Corresponding Lover 57 The Satisfying Lover 58 The Careless Lover 59 Fire Song 60 Lismore 61 The House Opposite 62 And Then We Saw the Daughter of the Minotaur 63 Three Women Around the Table 64 Cabbage 65 The Giantess 66 5. Niht-sang 67 Homecoming 68 Arrivals/Departures 70 The Animal Bridegroom 72 Goodbye to a River 73 The Stone Flower 79 Wone 81 The Unreliable Narrator 82 II: Digging Deep: the enchanted underground in Pavel Bazhov’s 1939 collection of magic tales, The Malachite Casket. Foreword 85 Introduction: In a Certain Town, In a Certain Time 86 Chapter 1 – Pick: the Soviet Magic Tale as Descent Narrative 100 Rivers of gold, forests of stone: introducing Bazhov’s tales 101 Bazhov in the Anglophone world 105 The magic tale underground 111 Magic tales in the Soviet context 115 Enchanting reality: words about words 123 ‘The Fairy Way of writing’ 126 Chapter 2 – Shovel: Excavating the Role of the Storyteller 133 ‘Traces of the storyteller cling to the story’ 134 A tale twice told: translating Bazhov’s tales 139 The Malachite Casket as magical object 146 Descent 1: ‘The Mistress of the Copper Mountain’ 155 Descent 2: ‘The Malachite Casket’ 161 Chapter 3 – Lamp: Ambivalence & Utopianism in Bazhov’s Tales 169 Reading malachite green and gold in The Malachite Casket 170 Descent 3: ‘The Stone Flower’ 191 Descent 4: ‘The Mountain Master’ 201 Conclusion: When Content and Form Speak with One Voice 208 Afterword: How the Storyteller Found his Stories 230 Bibliography 231 Appendices 241-48 Word count: 59,693 3 Abbreviations IPF ‘In Place of Foreword: The Watch-house on Dumna Mountain’ by Pavel Bazhov, in The Malachite Casket: Tales from the Urals, trans. by Alan Moray Williams IFT The Irresistible Fairy Tale: The Cultural and Social History of a Genre, by Jack Zipes, OED Oxford English Dictionary RF The Russian Folktale, by Vladimir Propp RMT Russian Magic Tales from Pushkin to Platonov, ed. by Robert Chandler TMC The Malachite Casket (The abbreviation refers to the book, not the title story within the book, which will appear written out in full within single quotation marks.) TBG The Complete First Edition: The Original Folk and Fairy Tales of the Brother’s Grimm, trans. by Jack Zipes 4 Abstract This thesis is comprised of two parts, each of which is intended to stand alone. Although conceived and created separately there is, inevitably, some resonance between the two projects, which over the course of four years of research and writing have entered into dialogue with each other. Both poetry and critical essay are concerned with the fairy tale as a literary form and share motifs of the underground, doubling, and the creation of enchanted or mythical landscapes. I. The Iron Bridge The Iron Bridge is a collection of poetry that interrogates and subverts the traditional tropes, characters and themes of the fairy-tale form. It is grounded in place, and in the exile’s experience of far-from-home. And it is deeply interested in the human compulsion to gossip and chat, sing songs and tell stories. My poems are rooted within the genre of fairy tale and folklore. However, these roots have branched out in many different directions, complicating my initial thoughts on the collection, and encompassing themes of: the landscape, history, and folk music of the Sussex Weald; the travels and tribulations of the Victorian nurse and explorer, Kate Marsden; and the art of the Surrealist painter and writer, Leonora Carrington. II. Digging deep: the enchanted underground in Pavel Bazhov’s 1939 collection of magic tales, The Malachite Casket. Grounding his folkloric fairy tales in the local legends he heard in childhood, Pavel Bazhov used mining and mountain lore to create an original and paradoxical literature of descent. This thesis excavates The Malachite Casket, his 1939 collection of Soviet magic tales. Writing at the height of the Stalinist Terror in the mid-1930s, whilst in hiding and ‘underground’, Bazhov created characters and narratives that traverse above and below ground. In his stories the subterranean realm is an ambiguous space of hard labour and punishment, enchantment and transformation. I argue that concealed within the text of these utopian and socialist realist magic tales is not only the story of Bazhov’s own time ‘underground’, but also his oblique critique of Stalinism’s impact on Russia’s rural peasant underclass. In exploring these hidden themes I employ a synthetic approach, using sociohistoric and subtextual analysis. The intention of my ‘underground’ reading is to mimic Bazhov’s katabatic themes, exposing the negotiation in tales and text between what is above and below, and revealing more fully their cultural and literary significance, and enduring legacy. 5 Declaration No portion of the work referred to in this thesis has been submitted in support of an application for another degree or qualification from this or any other university or other institute of learning. Copyright Statement i. The author of this thesis (including any appendices and/or schedules to this thesis) owns certain copyright or related rights in it (the “Copyright”) and s/he has given The University of Manchester certain rights to use such Copyright, including for administrative purposes. ii. Copies of this thesis, either in full or in extracts and whether in hard or electronic copy, may be made only in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 (as amended) and regulations issued under it or, where appropriate, in accordance with licensing agreements which the University has from time to time. This page must form part of any such copies made. iii. The ownership of certain Copyright, patents, designs, trademarks and other intellectual property (the “Intellectual Property”) and any reproductions of copyright works in the thesis, for example graphs and tables (“Reproductions”), which may be described in this thesis, may not be owned by the author and may be owned by third parties. Such Intellectual Property and Reproductions cannot and must not be made available for use without the prior written permission of the owner(s) of the relevant Intellectual Property and/or Reproductions. iv. Further information on the conditions under which disclosure, publication and commercialisation of this thesis, the Copyright and any Intellectual Property and/or Reproductions described in it may take place is available in the University IP Policy (see http://documents.manchester.ac.uk/DocuInfo.aspx?DocID=24420), in any relevant Thesis restriction declarations deposited in the University Library, The University Library’s regulations (see http://www.library.manchester.ac.uk/about/regulations/) and in The University’s policy on Presentation of Theses. 6 Acknowledgements I would like to thank my supervisors, Vona Groarke and Carol Mavor, for guiding and inspiring this project from beginning to end; for reading and discussing its numerous iterations; and for their unflagging enthusiasm and generosity. I am grateful to my third supervisor, Ian McGuire, for his discerning suggestions on both my research and poetry. Thanks are also due to the Centre for New Writing, and its co-directors John McAuliffe and Kaye Mitchell, for providing a collegiate and stimulating atmosphere in which to work; and to the Graduate School staff (especially Julie Fiwka and Joanne Marsh) for their support, and for answering the ten thousand questions I’ve asked over the past few years. Also to be thanked are my fellow students who have given such generous feedback on my work. Fatema Abdoolcarim, Lucy Burns, Kathryn Dixon, Imogen Durant, Charlotte Haines, Tessa Harris, David Hartley, Usma Malik, Shirley Nicholson, Valerie O’Riordan, Janet Rogerson, Alicia Rouverol, Eleanor Ward, and Mariah Whelan: I appreciate your friendship and encouragement. Beyond the University of Manchester’s redbrick walls, I am grateful to friends and colleagues who have supported my creative work in various ways including: Zhanna Alimova, Amy Bere, Abi Curtis, Suzanne Holland, Astrid Holm, Helgi Rafn Ingvarson, Oliver Christophe Leith, Johnny Marsh, Oge Nwosu, Julian Philips, Stephen Plaice, Pat Robson, Catherine Smith, Tabitha Tarran, Katie Tearle, Jenny Walters, Rachel Windus and Freya Wynn-Jones. The support of my family has been a source of strength and joy, and I am grateful to my parents, Ranna and Tony Hurst, for my folk-roots; and to my sister Rachel Hemingway-Hurst and my brother-in-law Colin Heminway, for being there through good times and bad.