Editors Tea Petrin Pavla Břusková Magdalena Bialic-Davendra Cluster Development in the Czech Republic and Slovenia Ljubljana, 2014 Faculty of Economics Editors: Dr. Tea Petrin, Dr. Pavla Břusková, Dr. Magdalena Bialic-Davendra Cluster Development in the Czech Republic and Slovenia Publisher: Faculty of Economics Ljubljana Publishing Office Code: PBB14SM114 Printed and Bound by: Copis d.o.o., Ljubljana First edition: 50 copies Reviewer: Dr. Jasna Auer Antončič Proofread by: Dr. Slavica Čepon Cover page designed by: Robert Ilovar Text designed by: Darija Lebar Ljubljana, 2014 CIP - Kataložni zapis o publikaciji Narodna in univerzitetna knjižnica, Ljubljana 338.1(497.4+437.3) 336.76(497.4+437.3) CLUSTER development in the Czech Republic and Slovenia / editors Tea Petrin, Pavla Břusková, Magdalena Bialic-Davendra. - 1st ed. - Ljubljana : Faculty of Economics, 2014 ISBN 978-961-240-281-5 1. Petrin, Tea 275594496 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form by any means, electronic, mechanical or otherwise, including (but not limited to) photocopy, recordings or any information or retrieval system, without the express written permission of the author or copyright holder. CONTENTS INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................. 1 Tea Petrin PART I: GOVERNMENT SUPPORT FOR CLUSTER DEVELOPMENT Government Support to Cluster Development – the Case of Slovenia ... 7 Tea Petrin, Patricia Kotnik The Principles and Main Pillars of the Czech Cluster Policy ............... 26 Magdalena Bialic-Davendra, Pavla Břusková PART II: AUTOMOTIVE CLUSTERS: CASE STUDIES The Slovenian Automotive Cluster ....................................................... 55 Alenka Slavec, Igor Prodan Moravian-Silesian Automotive Cluster ................................................. 85 Magdalena Bialic-Davendra, Eva Vejmělková PART III: CREATIVE CLUSTER INITIATIVE MAPPING AND FACILITATION Creative Industries in Slovenia: Clustering, Analysis and Challenges ........................................................................................... 121 Nika Murovec, Damjan Kavaš, Aidan Cerar Creative Industries Mapping in the Czech Republic: Case Study of the Zlín Region ............................................................................... 147 Pavel Bednář, Pavel Grebeníček SUMMARY ..................................................................................................... 168 Pavla Břusková INDEX ............................................................................................................. 171 iii CONTRIBUTORS Pavel Bednář Tomas Bata University in Zlín, Faculty of Management and Economics, e-mail: [email protected] Magdalena Bialic-Davendra Tomas Bata University in Zlín, Faculty of Management and Economics, e-mail: [email protected] Pavla Břusková Tomas Bata University in Zlín, Faculty of Management and Economics, e-mail: [email protected] Aidan Cerar Regional Development Agency of the Ljubljana Urban Region, Tehnološki park Ljubljana, e-mail: [email protected] Pavel Grebeníček Tomas Bata University in Zlín, Faculty of Management and Economics, e-mail: [email protected] Eva Vejmělková Tomas Bata University in Zlín, Faculty of Management and Economics, e-mail: [email protected] Damjan Kavaš Institute for Economic Research, Ljubljana,e-mail: [email protected] Patricia Kotnik University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Economics, e-mail: [email protected] Nika Murovec Institute for Economic Research, Ljubljana, e-mail: [email protected] Tea Petrin University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Economics, e-mail: [email protected] Igor Prodan University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Economics Alenka Slavec University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Economics, e-mail: [email protected] iv INTRODUCTION Tea Petrin The Context Policy makers in Europe have been interested in the potential of clusters as a vehicle of competitiveness and economic growth for several decades. In many countries at the national, as well as regional and local levels, cluster development has become an important tool for economic development (Petrin, 2012; DG Enterprise and Industry, 2007). However, the interest for clusters as a policy tool for economic development has been changing over time. In the late seventies and the eighties, due to a new production paradigm known as 'flexible specialization', clustering was seen as an important factor for the increased efficiency of highly specialized small enterprises. An extensive study (Best, 1990; Becattini, 1989 and 1990; Brusco, 1992) reinforced the importance of geographical clustering as a generator of efficiency externalities due to the internal and external market interactions of firms in a cluster which in turn enabled highly specialized small firms to offset size related externalities. Consequently, policy makers adopted the cluster concept as an important policy tool for enhancing the competitiveness of small enterprises. During the 1990s the new growth theory opened discussion on knowledge based economy and consequently on government tools for stimulating economic growth based on knowledge. Focus on innovation as a key driver of economic growth renewed the importance of geographical clustering and agglomeration of firms. It was observed that innovations are geographically conditioned since spillover of knowledge is geographically constrained (Audretsch & Aldrige, 2008; OECD, 2010). Spillover of knowledge is a by-product of the interaction of firms leading to tacit, new knowledge and where it materializes in innovation, a region experiences higher growth compared to others and more and better competitive advantages. From the policy view, the interest in clusters or 1 clustering of firms became a matter of how to leverage the role of clusters as drivers of innovation and growth. There is no uniform definition of clusters. Clusters can be understood as phenomena that refer to production system(s), or to social networks and interactions among sectors within geographically defined areas, or as a structural phenomenon (Petrin, 2012, p. 12). However, Porter's definition of business clusters as a geographic concentration of inter-connected companies, specialized suppliers, service providers, firms in related industries and associated institutions (1998, p. 197), has largely been embraced by policy makers (Peck & Lloyd, 2008, p. 395). The cluster concept was largely embraced by policy makers in the EU-12 countries that joined the European Union from 2004–2008 as a new tool to strengthen regional and national competitiveness and growth (Petrin, 2012, p. 14). This monograph should be seen as a contribution to understanding the role of the cluster concept used in these countries as a vehicle for economic restructuring, based on the experience of two countries: Czech Republic and Slovenia. It is a product of the »CLUPERPOL« project, »The research of the cluster performance measurement model and cluster policy efficiency«, conducted in 2010–2011 under the Bilateral Mobility Programme of the Czech Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports. Topics dealt with in this monograph are organized in three parts. The first part deals with the government support of cluster development. Papers by Tea Petrin and Patricia Kotnik and Magdalena Bialic-Davendra and Pavla Břusková contrast the role of the government in supporting cluster development in Slovenia and the Czech Republic. Although the approach taken to cluster development differs between the two countries, it can be said that in both the public policy supporting cluster development pursued the same end goal – enhancing the innovation process, competitiveness and growth. The second part presents two case studies as best practices of cluster development in Slovenia and the Czech Republic. Alenka Slavec and Igor Prodan have contributed the case study on the Automotive Cluster Slovenia and 2 Magdalena Bialic-Davendra and Eva Vejmělková the case study on the Moravian-Silesian Automotive Cluster. Finally, the third part presents attempts in both countries to enhance economic competitiveness by supporting the development of creative industries. Nika Murovec, Damjan Kavaš and Aidan Cerar analyse the fundamental notions and definitions of creative clusters and the broader context of cultural and creative industries, while Pavel Bednář and Pavel Grebeníček of UTB deal with the statistical mapping of creative industries in the Zlin Region of the Czech Republic. References Audretsch, D. B., & Aldridge, T. T. (2008). The knowledge spillover theory of entrepreneurship and spatial clusters. In C. Karlsson (Ed.), Handbook of Research on Cluster Research on Cluster Theory (pp. 67–77). Cheltenham, UK: E. Elgar. Becattini, G. (1989). 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