British Piracy Policy in Jamaica Aaron Goins Master’s Thesis May 7, 2020 1 Table of Contents 1 The Origins of Jamaican Piracy: The Start of the Golden Age 3 2 The Adventures of the Jamaican Pirates: Building Blocks of Empire 24 3. The Best Pirate I’ve Ever Seen: A Case Study of the Life of Sir Henry Morgan 41 4. The Decline of Jamaican Piracy: The Hunters Become the Hunted 59 Works Cited 74 2 The Origins of Jamaican Piracy: The Start of the Golden Age The image of a pirate conjures up an adventuring ship raiding on the high seas preparing to take their next prize and then bury the treasure and continue on for another adventure. Piracy in reality was regulated by colonial powers. Even the most successful pirates of all time had to answer to authority if they were going to make money long term. Piracy worked much better if it was a part of the local economy. If a pirate wanted to spend the spoils of their expedition they had to report it to a governing body. Henry Morgan, arguably the most successful pirate of all time, had a contract regulating the division of plunder and what part went to the crown, parliament, and other governing bodies. The contract stated after initial taxes the admiralty court would take one fourth of all prizes taken at sea but plunder taken on land was divided evenly among the crew as agreed upon.1 This would not only drive how the crew interacted with the local economy but would also drive the targets that the pirates would attempt to capture. This wa a large part of the reason Morgan chose his large privateering ventures to attack cities. After his capture of Porto Bello, the spoils for each man came out to approximately 150 pounds, the equivalent of several years of income for most of these sailors.2 However, the pirates did not bury any of their captured treasure. They took it immediately back to Jamaica and threw the biggest party they could. The pirates came back to Jamaica because they needed a place to stay and a place to spend their money. There was no point to be a pirate if there was not a reward at the end of the, money did no good on a boat. This meant that pirates needed to blend into the local economies not just for pleasure they also needed repairs and supplies. This meant that the ports had to allow them to both lodge and trade. This required at least toleration of pirates or in some cases outright endorsement of piracy. Port Royal Jamaica became the most famous pirate 1 Earle, The Sack of Panamá, 2007, 48. 2 Earle, 77. 3 town in the British Caribbean. Port Royal was not only held as a British pirate colony but was the hub of the golden age of piracy. If pirates needed a place to land, then what were the policies of the ports that harbored the pirates? The town of Port Royal Jamaica offers a particularly interesting study. It was the most infamous or famous pirate port during the golden age of piracy. The golden age of piracy encompasses a span of approximately 40 years from 1650 to the 1690’s where piracy in the Caribbean was at its height and English, French, and Dutch sailors raided the Spanish new world empire that had made Spain the richest country in Europe. Once the British captured Jamaica in 1655 it became a base of operations for pirates after a call from Col Doyley, the officer in charge left to run the Jamaica after the initial expedition.3 It pulled the defense of Jamaica out of the hands of the navy and into the hands of a private one. How did the British authorities use this new pirate navy and what were their policies governing pirates? Were they fully endorsed at the highest levels or were the tacitly used since there were no other alternatives? British official piracy policy was a reflection of several factors in the Caribbean. First, was the distance between central government and colonial government meaning that any word between the two took at least twelve weeks meaning that the two options for defense were inaction or independent operation. The second was the small population and the fact that the British were not able to properly garrison their colonies to defend them for the first 50 years. Third, the British did not have the infrastructure to host a navy in the new world permanently. Fourth, Spain’s conquest of the new world was a unique geopolitical situation which gave Spain such an advantage over other European powers that it shifted the international system enough to where Britain was willing to defy international customs in the new world to even the playing 3 Carla Gardina Pestana, “Early English Jamaica without Pirates,” 321. 4 field. All of these factors influenced British policy in Jamaica. The British government chose their piracy policy in Jamaica because it was useful to provide a way to defend Jamaica cheaply and effectively while simultaneously disrupting Spanish trade and allowing British colonies time to build an economy where free trade would become profitable. The world of the golden age of piracy had several key features that defined it and allowed it to be not only a haven for pirates but also be an age where pirates became popular. First the so- called golden age of piracy was confined in time from around the 1630’s to almost 1700.4 It was confined in geography to mostly the Caribbean but also includes south pacific raiders, and small segments up the east coast of the United States. The target of the majority of these pirates were Spanish ships and towns though they could extend to be any nation that the pirates could find a commission to attack. This was one of the reasons that piracy was effective; they could switch employers and still find jobs because there were so many people fighting or willing to fight the Spanish. Though pirates were careful, particularly in the later years, to not travel to places where the state of war and peace was unknown.5 Spain’s massive power in the new world. Was part of the reason that the golden age is typified by glorified pirates because these pirates were seen as heroes fighting for their country against the Spanish.6 This notion continued until other countries in the new world built enough infrastructure in the new world to also have cities that were profitable enough for pirates to raid. Leading to another part of the golden age of piracy which is it ends once English and French societies are built up enough to bring back state monopolies on violence.7 The pirates were primarily made up of sailors who had been marooned or mutinied 4 Lane, Pillaging the Empire, xiii. 5 Raveneau de Lussan and Montauban, A Journal of a Voyage Made into the South Sea by the Bucaniers or Freebooters of America : From the Year 1684 to 1689, 182. 6 Beattie, British Privateering Voyages of the Early Eighteenth Century, 6. 7 Norton, “Classification and Coercion: The Destruction of Piracy in the English Maritime System,” 1549. 5 and indentured servants who had run or rebelled.8 These were men from the poorer classes of society who were not able to make a living in the smaller plantation colonies.. This was the world of the golden age for the pirates. The rest of the world surrounding it was also a unique period in history. The landscape of the new world in the mid-17th century was dominated by two main factors, this consisted of Spain’s control and the massive amount of space between Europe and the new world. From the Treaty of Tordesillas in 1494 Spain and Portugal had divided the Americas and the East Indies through negotiations with the Pope. However, later England, under Oliver Cromwell, did not always recognize the Spanish claims in the new world.9 There was a twofold reason for this. First, that Cromwell did not recognize the authority of the Catholic Church as other monarchs had before the reformation calling it a Popish donation. Secondly, once the size and scale of the New World was truly discovered it was a geopolitical anomaly in Europe that one of the powers had so much greater draw of resources.10 These two reasons will factor largely into why England was both willing and needed to use piracy so heavily against the Spanish. In addition, the distance between the new world and Europe meant governors were often on their own. News took twelve weeks to travel between the Caribbean and Europe at a minimum. This was if news was responded to immediately. Thomas Modyford, a governor of Jamaica in the 1660’s, received letters that acknowledged response of letters sent six months previous while Modyford was trying to deal with whether to attack Spanish ships or if Spain was going to stop attacking his ships.11 In the 1680’s it was still a problem as the new governor Thomas Lynch continually petitioned lords to give clear laws and instructions because the 8 Lane, Pillaging the Empire, 97. 9 Pestana, The English Conquest of Jamaica, 9. 10 Pestana, 5. 11 Earle, The Sack of Panamá, 2007, 144. 6 Jamaicans were not able to keep up with changing policy.12 This shows the solitary nature of governance in the colonies. The colonies sometimes had to fight their own fight which led to the idea of lawlessness that helped influences piracy.