Docket Number EPA-HQ-OPP-2008-0844 www.regulations.gov Imidacloprid Proposed Interim Registration Review Decision Case Number 7605 January 2020 Approved by: Elissa Reaves, Ph.D. Acting Director Pesticide Re-evaluation Division Date: __ 1-22-2020 __ Docket Number EPA-HQ-OPP-2008-0844 www.regulations.gov Table of Contents I. INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................. 4 A. Summary of Imidacloprid Registration Review............................................................... 5 B. Summary of Public Comments on the Draft Risk Assessments and Agency Responses 7 II. USE AND USAGE ............................................................................................................... 14 III. SCIENTIFIC ASSESSMENTS ......................................................................................... 15 A. Human Health Risks....................................................................................................... 15 1. Risk Summary and Characterization .......................................................................... 15 2. Human Incidents and Epidemiology .......................................................................... 17 3. Tolerances ................................................................................................................... 18 4. Human Health Data Needs ......................................................................................... 18 B. Ecological Risks ............................................................................................................. 18 5. Risk Summary and Characterization .......................................................................... 19 6. Ecological Incidents ................................................................................................... 30 7. Ecological and Environmental Fate Data Needs ........................................................ 32 C. Benefits Assessment ....................................................................................................... 32 IV. PROPOSED INTERIM REGISTRATION REVIEW DECISION ................................... 39 A. Proposed Risk Mitigation and Regulatory Rationale ..................................................... 39 1. Cancellation of Uses ................................................................................................... 41 2. Prohibition of On-farm Seed Treatment for Canola, Millet, and Wheat .................... 41 3. Personal Protection Equipment .................................................................................. 41 4. Application Rate Reductions ...................................................................................... 42 5. Crop Stage Restrictions .............................................................................................. 48 6. Residential Ornamental Advisory .............................................................................. 50 7. Label Language Improvements .................................................................................. 50 8. Restrictions to Poultry House Uses ............................................................................ 50 9. Spray Drift and Runoff Reduction .............................................................................. 51 10. Pesticide Resistance Management .............................................................................. 56 B. Stewardship .................................................................................................................... 57 C. Tolerance Actions .......................................................................................................... 58 D. Proposed Interim Registration Review Decision ........................................................... 58 E. Data Requirements ......................................................................................................... 59 V. NEXT STEPS AND TIMELINE .......................................................................................... 59 2 Docket Number EPA-HQ-OPP-2008-0844 www.regulations.gov A. Proposed Interim Registration Review Decision ........................................................... 59 B. Implementation of Mitigation Measures ........................................................................ 59 Appendix A: Summary of Proposed Actions for Imidacloprid ................................................... 60 Appendix B: Proposed Labeling Changes for Imidacloprid Products ......................................... 61 Appendix C: Endangered Species Assessment ............................................................................ 72 Appendix D: Endocrine Disruptor Screening Program ............................................................... 73 Appendix E: Summary of Proposed Tolerance Actions .............................................................. 74 3 Docket Number EPA-HQ-OPP-2008-0844 www.regulations.gov I. INTRODUCTION This document is the Environmental Protection Agency’s (EPA or the agency) Proposed Interim Registration Review Decision (PID) for imidacloprid (PC Code 129099) and is being issued pursuant to 40 CFR §§ 155.56 and 155.58. A registration review decision is the agency's determination whether a pesticide continues to meet, or does not meet, the standard for registration in the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA). The agency may issue, when it determines it to be appropriate, an interim registration review decision before completing a registration review. Among other things, the interim registration review decision may require new risk mitigation measures, impose interim risk mitigation measures, identify data or information required to complete the review, and include schedules for submitting the required data, conducting the new risk assessment and completing the registration review. Additional information on imidacloprid, can be found in the EPA’s public docket (EPA-HQ- OPP-2008-0844) at www.regulations.gov. FIFRA, as amended by the Food Quality Protection Act (FQPA) of 1996, mandates the continuous review of existing pesticides. All pesticides distributed or sold in the United States must be registered by the EPA based on scientific data showing that they will not cause unreasonable risks to human health or to the environment when used as directed on product labeling. The registration review program is intended to make sure that, as the ability to assess and reduce risk evolves and as policies and practices change, all registered pesticides continue to meet the statutory standard of no unreasonable adverse effects. Changes in science, public policy, and pesticide use practices will occur over time. Through the registration review program, the agency periodically re-evaluates pesticides to make sure that as these changes occur, products in the marketplace can continue to be used safely. Information on this program is provided at http://www.epa.gov/pesticide-reevaluation. In 2006, the agency implemented the registration review program pursuant to FIFRA § 3(g) and will review each registered pesticide every 15 years to determine whether it continues to meet the FIFRA standard for registration. The EPA is issuing a PID for imidacloprid so that it can (1) move forward with aspects of the registration review that are complete and (2) implement interim risk mitigation (see Appendices A and B). The agency is currently working with the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and the National Marine Fisheries Service (together, the Services) to develop methodologies for conducting national threatened and endangered (listed) species assessments for pesticides in accordance with the Endangered Species Act (ESA) § 7. Therefore, although the EPA has not yet fully evaluated risks to listed species, the agency will complete its listed species assessment and any necessary consultation with the Services for imidacloprid prior to completing the imidacloprid registration review. Likewise, the agency will complete endocrine screening for imidacloprid, pursuant to the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (FFDCA) § 408(p), before completing registration review. See Appendices C and D, respectively, for additional information on the endangered species assessment and the endocrine screening for the imidacloprid registration review. Imidacloprid is an N-nitroguanidine neonicotinoid insecticide, which causes irreversible blockage of the postsynaptic nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. It is a xylem and phloem-mobile systemic compound that is readily taken up by the roots of the plants and translocated through 4 Docket Number EPA-HQ-OPP-2008-0844 www.regulations.gov the plant via transpiration. There are over five hundred FIFRA § 3 and § 24(c) (Special Local Needs) products containing imidacloprid registered in the United States. Products containing imidacloprid can be formulated as granules, ready-to-use solutions, emulsifiable concentrates, flowable concentrates, water soluble packages (WSP), dust, impregnated materials, etc. Products can be applied via liquid spray of drench, broadcast granules, baits, and as seed treatment. Imidacloprid products can be applied to a variety of agricultural crops, including but not limited to, root and tuber vegetables, fruiting vegetables, oilseed crops, citrus fruit, leafy green vegetables, cucurbit vegetables and tropical and subtropical fruits. Imidacloprid products are also registered on non-agricultural use sites including but