,QWKH1DWLRQDO,QWHUHVW" &ULPLQDOL]DWLRQRI/DQGDQG (QYLURQPHQW'HIHQGHUVLQWKH$PHULFDV )XOO'LVFXVVLRQ3DSHU$XJXVW Published by MiningWatch Canada and the International Civil Liberties Monitoring Group (ICLMG), August 2015 Lead Author: Jen Moore Canada Section Author: Roch Tassé Co-Authors: Chris Jones, Esperanza Moreno Design: Marquardt Printing Ltd. French Translation: Dominique Vaillancourt Editing and Proofreading: Norah Bowman, Cathleen Kneen, Jamie Kneen, Susan Spronk Cover Photo: A campesino woman protesting against Canadian mining operations in southern Ecuador watches police while she weaves; Photo: Jen Moore Thank you to the University of Ottawa Human Rights Research and Education Centre (HRREC) and José Montes Castilla, lawyer and past intern with the HRREC, for his research into criminalization and review of existing recommendations that helped frame this report and formed the basis for the recommendations. Thank you also to Brittany Lambert, past Coordinator of the Americas Policy Group (APG), a working group of the Canadian Council for International Cooperation, Aída Sofía Rivera Sotelo and Gloria Botero, past interns with APG for their contributions to this project. Furthermore, thank you to Amber Buchanan and Garry Leech for researching and writing the forthcoming Colombia section of this project, which will be added to the online version of this report in coming months. Finally, a big thank you to the the Canadian Union of Public Employees (CUPE), ICLMG, Inter Pares, MiningWatch Canada, the National Union of Public and General Employees (NUPGE) and the United Church of Canada, as well as all other contributors, for their financial support toward the publication and distribution of this paper. ,QWKH1DWLRQDO,QWHUHVW"&ULPLQDOL]DWLRQRI/DQGDQG(QYLURQPHQW'HIHQGHUVLQWKH$PHULFDV 7DEOHRI&RQWHQWV Introduction ........................................................................................................... 5 Criminalization of Land and Environmental Defenders ................................................................................... 7 A growing concern around the world ........................................................................................................... 9 Criminalization of Dissent and How it Occurs .............................................................................................. 13 Whose law? Whose peace and stability? Whose interest? ........................................................................... 16 Introduction to Country Case Studies .................................................................................... 23 Guatemala .............................................................................................................................................. 24 Canadian Economic Interests and the Mining Model in Guatemala ............................................................... 26 Criminalization and Canadian Mining Operations ......................................................................................... 29 Peru .......................................................................................................................................................... 35 Turning the Law Against Communities ......................................................................................................... 37 Canadian Economic Interests and the Mining Model in Peru ......................................................................... 38 Tied Aid ...................................................................................................................................................... 40 The Public-Private Partnership Model ........................................................................................................... 41 Mining Diplomacy ....................................................................................................................................... 42 Canadian companies at the centre of conflict ............................................................................................... 44 Cañaris: We are community members and we want to defend our lands ................................................. 46 The heavy hand of the state ........................................................................................................................ 47 Ecuador ................................................................................................................................................... 50 Canadian Economic Interests and the Mining Model in Ecuador ................................................................... 52 On the Eve of the Long Mining Night ........................................................................................................ 56 Criminalization and Canadian Companies in Ecuadors Southern Highlands .................................................. 57 Mexico ..................................................................................................................................................... 60 Canadian Economic Interests and the Mining Model in Mexico .................................................................... 63 Criminalization and Blackfire Exploration in Chicomuselo, Chiapas ................................................................ 66 Canada .................................................................................................................................................... 69 First Nations ................................................................................................................................................ 70 Case of Kitchenuhmaykoosib Inninuwug (KI) and Ardoch First Nations ......................................................... 71 Case of Lac Babine Nation ........................................................................................................................... 72 Tar sand activists threatened by Anti-Terrorism Act in Alberta ...................................................................... 72 Shifting gears shifting the discourse ......................................................................................................... 72 Attacks against foreign funding and political activities of Canadian charities ................................................. 73 Public Safety anti-terrorism strategy document highlights domestic threat ................................................ 75 Greenpeace targeted in threat assessment report ........................................................................................ 76 Ottawa establishes Alberta counterterrorism unit ......................................................................................... 76 Intelligence-sharing with the corporate sector .............................................................................................. 76 Expanded state surveillance ......................................................................................................................... 77 A successful campaign? .............................................................................................................................. 78 New Anti-Terror Bill .............................................................................................................................. ....... 78 Discussion and Conclusions ........................................................................................................... 79 Where do we go next? ............................................................................................................................... 82 Recommendations ............................................................................................................................... 84 ,QWKH1DWLRQDO,QWHUHVW"&ULPLQDOL]DWLRQRI/DQGDQG(QYLURQPHQW'HIHQGHUVLQWKH$PHULFDV 7H[W%R[HV Social movements successes in defence of land and the environment ............... 6 What is Criminalization? ................................................................................................................. 15 Defining Land and Environment Defenders ...................................................................... 18 What is Extractivism ............................................................................................................................ 20 The Extractivist Mining Model ...................................................................................................... 21 Extractivism or Neoextractivism .................................................................................................. 22 ,QWKH1DWLRQDO,QWHUHVW"&ULPLQDOL]DWLRQRI/DQGDQG(QYLURQPHQW'HIHQGHUVLQWKH$PHULFDV ,QWKH1DWLRQDO,QWHUHVW" &ULPLQDOL]DWLRQRI/DQGDQG (QYLURQPHQW'HIHQGHUVLQWKH$PHULFDV )XOO'LVFXVVLRQ3DSHU$XJXVW They use the law to do what they cant do with their guns - Alfredo Molano, The Dispossessed1 This discussion paper is a joint effort between the International Civil Liberties Monitoring Group (ICLMG) and MiningWatch Canada, with important contributions from several individuals who have accompanied the process who have experience in the extractive industry, civil liberties, human rights, law, and public policy. The goal of this initiative is to make connections between Canadian mining interests and the growing trend of criminalization against dissent and social protest involving land and environment defenders in the Americas from north to south. This group, referred