Cambridge University Press 0521842026 - Concrete Vaulted Construction in Imperial Rome: Innovations in Context Lynne C. Lancaster Index More information INDEX The following index includes a reference to the entry for each monument listed in the Catalogue of Major Monuments in Appendix 1; however, the details within each entry are referenced only when they refer to information not discussed in the main text. Likewise, each catalogue of the building techniques included in Appendix 2 is also referenced in the appropriate place, but the details within it are not. Adam, Jean-Pierre, 2, 7 Dressel 23, 69, 75, 76, 79, 81 structural analysis of effect on aerarium, 170, 171 at Cologne, 84–85 thrustline, 160, 164 aggregate. See caementa identifying, 69 as structural innovation, 78–80, Agrippa, 170 latest examples in vaults, 84 83–84, 168 Alatri, 87 location at crown of vault, 83, 84, 164 in walls, 70, 73, 74, 75, 81 Albano, Emissarium, 28 supercedes Dressel 20, 82 for wine, 69 Alberti, Leon Battista amphoras annona, 81, 84–85 on amphoras in vaults, 68, 85 in foundations, 74 Aosta (Augusta Praetoria), 59, 74, 132 on lime slaking, 54 for land reclamation, 71–74, 81, 83, Apollodorus of Damascus, 44, 46, 98 on washing pozzolana, 56 168 bridge over Danube, 23, 24 on water for curing concrete, 75, recycled, 69 Aqua Claudia, 187, 196 235n12 in vaults. See also names of individual Aqua Virgo, 170 Alexander Severus, 148 buildings arch, 6, 7, 21 Alexander the Great, 44 in Byzantine architecture, 238n68 arc of embrasure, 132–133 Alexandria, 50 examples, early, 69–74, 83 relation to concrete vault, 7 Amici, Carla Maria, 2, 60, 106, 118–125, examples, late antiquity, 75–80, 172 structural behavior of, 6–7, 151 –152 156 explanation, to aid curing of failure patterns, 151 Amphitheater of Statilius Taurus, 170, 186 concrete, 68, 74–75 limit state, 155 amphitheaters/theaters, importance for explanation, to improve sound statically determinate, 152 vaulting, 168–169 resonance, 68, 70 three-hinge, 151 amphora types, 70 explanation, to reduce materials and Arch of Constantine, 83 Africana 1, 69, 75, 76 labor, 68, 76, 80, 81, 167–168 Arch of Janus, 80, 202 Almagro 51c, 69, 75 explanation, to reduce weight, 68, Archimedes, 10–11, 46 Dressel 20, 69, 75 70, 76, 77, 85 architect, 10 early examples in vaults, 70–71 list of examples, 215 legal obligations, 20–21, 233n89 identifying, 69 medieval imitation of, 79, 80, 84, 85 architrave bars. See Hadrian’s Villa at Monte Testaccio, 81–82 at Ostia, 69–70, 72, 81 Arco di Malborghetto, 63–64, 105, tituli picti, 81–82 reuse, 82–83 203–204 265 © Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 0521842026 - Concrete Vaulted Construction in Imperial Rome: Innovations in Context Lynne C. Lancaster Index More information INDEX Arles, 115, 239n13 ribs, Plate XIII, 98, 100, 102–104, 107, brick linings (on intrados), 29–32 Athenaeus, 50 111 explanation for, 29–30, 49 Augustus scoria, Vesuvian, Plate IX, Plate XIII, list of examples, 207–210 building projects, funding of, 170 62–63, 66, 177 pattern of use, 31 –32, 49 commissions, establishment of, 18 analysis of, 64, 222–224 relation to brick industry, 31 –32, 49 Aurelian Walls, 28, 50, 108 tie bars, 118, 120, 125, 126 upright bricks in, 30–31 , 96 Baetica, 69, 70–71, 81, 82, 84–85 vaulted terraces, 128, 169 brick stamps basilica, Christian, 179 Baths of Constantine, 178 anepigraphic, 186, 195 Basilica Aemilia, 185 Baths of Diocletian, 177, 197 information from, 17, 19 cross vaults, 35 buttressing, 137 bricks, 17 metal bands in architrave, 116 “Planetarium,” 109, 110, 234n69 bessalis, 17 tie bars, 116, 117, 118, 128 pozzolana, 57 in brick linings, 29, 30–31 Basilica Julia, 196 pumice, Plate X, Plate XIII, 63, 64 for suspensurae, 59, 60 scoria, Vesuvian, 63, 66, 67, 177 ribs, Plate XIII, 102–103, 110 bipedalis, 17 analysis of, 64, 223–224 tie bars in brick linings, 29, 30 Basilica Neptuni, 192 anchor blocks, 82, 118, 120 horizontal courses in domes, 48, 110, Basilica of Maxentius, 106, 197–198 with pumice, 126 144 amphora in vault, 69, 75 spacing of, 125 protection for paving, 58 buttressing, 137–138, 139 Baths of Maxentius, 198 for suspensurae, 59, 60, 65 coffers, 198 ribs, 103, 104–105, 107, 110 unit in modular design system, 131, cracks, 8 Baths of Nero, 148, 241n14 132–133 deformation of vault, 34, 36, 37, 49 Baths of Trajan, Plate VI, 189–190 in vaulting ribs, 88. See also ribs: pumice, 63–64 buttressing, 137 bipedalis ribs, 106 cracks in semidome, 8, 139 early use in Rome, 17 roof tiles, 58 graded caementa, Plate VI, 60–61 reused, 82 tufo giallo, 63–64 ribs, 96, 97 sesquipedalis, 17 Basilica Ulpia scoria, Vesuvian, 66 for brick linings, 29, 30, 190, 191, architrave/cornice block, 126 analysis of, 64, 223–224 194 dovetail clamps in entablature blocks, with tufo giallo, Plate VII, 61 for relieving arches, 96, 99 121, 124, 156 suspensurae at, 59 Brown, Frank, 46 fallen vaults from, 121–125, 240n25 tie bars, 116–118, 119, 126 Brunelleschi, Filippo, 22 Mons Claudianus columns, 128 tufo rosso a scorie nere, 61 Brunt, Peter, 18 scoria, Vesuvian, 61–62, 66, 167 vaulted terraces, 128 building industry, 18–21, 65, 175 analysis of, 64, 222–224 Bauer, Heinrich, 115–116 clientela, 19, 20 with tiebars, 63, 170 bitumen, as waterproofing, 173 collegia, state control of, 20, 21 structural analysis of, 156 , 157 Blackfriar’s Bridge (London), 27, 28 freedmen, 19, 20, 21 tie bars, 118–119, 121–125, 126, 156 , Blake, Marion E., 2, 7, 12, 113 in late antiquity, 21 170 on pozzolana, 56 as means of social advancement, 19, 21, truss, 23, 44 Bloch, Herbert, 176, 177 112, 175–176, 178 vaulted terraces, 128 Bolsena, 175, 224, 236n61 Opera Caesaris, 232n71 bath buildings, importance for vaulting, brick industry, 175–176 slave labor, 18–19 168–169, 172 gens Domitii, 175–176, 242n36 building materials. See also names of Baths of Agrippa, 195–196 in late antiquity, 82, 178 individual materials date, 108 Marcus Aurelius, inheritance of, 175 supply of, 21, 170, 177–178 ribs, 108, 109, 110 relation to brick linings, 31 –32, 49 transport of, 17–18 Baths of Caracalla, 12, 195 relation to ribs, 111, 112 buttressing, 94, 124–125, 137, 145–146, buttressing, 137 senatorial class involved in, 175, 176 147, 190 centering, 37, 39, 49 women in, 176 of arch, 7 266 © Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 0521842026 - Concrete Vaulted Construction in Imperial Rome: Innovations in Context Lynne C. Lancaster Index More information INDEX balancing thrusts, 133–134, 135, 146–147 for cross vault, 34–40, 49–50 S. Pietro, 179 side walls of semidome, 140 deformation of, 34, 36, 40–42, 49, truss, 23, 24, 37 “Temple of Minerva Medica,” 146, 147, 167 S. Sabina, 129 168 for dome, 40–48, 49–50 S. Sebastiano, 55–56 travertine ties as connectors, 145, 146 earth, 188, 190 S. Stefano Rotondo, 50 window glass influence on, 147 hanging, 44, 48 Circus of Maxentius (Via Appia), 80, buttressing arch holes for, 32–34, 35 198–199 Basilica of Maxentius, 137–138, 139 laying out the forms, 22, 36–37, 42, amphoras in vaults, 75–77 Baths of Caracalla, 137 49, 187 clamps Trajan’s Markets, 135–137 for pavilion vault, 35, 38 to counter lateral thrusts, 10 buttressing walls permanent, for lintel arches, 127 dovetail (iron), 121, 124, 128, 156 Domus Aurea, 142–143, 144 removal of, 26, 29, 49 dovetail (wood), 113, 127, 239n4 “Temple of Mercury” (Baiae), 142–143, Colosseum, 36, 38 early use of, 113, 115 144 Hagia Sofia, 29 for formwork, 42, 43 caementa, 3, 59–64 Pantheon, 45–46 at Palestrina, 9 change under Severans, 62–63, 66 for segmental vault, 46–47 pi-shaped, 113, 119, 124 graded according to weight, 59–64 support of, 27, 32–34 Claudius, harbor at Portus, 55 to counter lateral thrust, 10 Baths of Caracalla, 37 clay, 12, 17, 19 development and understanding of, Colosseum, 36, 38 clerestory windows, 49, 111, 137, 143, 144, 167 Domus Aurea, 43 147, 168 efficacy of, 164 Pantheon, 44–45 cocciopesto, 58–59, 65 structural analysis of effects, 160–161 Trajan’s Markets, 37 amphora shards, 69, 81 laid horizontally, Plate IX, 7 wedges for removal, 27–28 list of examples, 211–212 laid radially, 5, 9, 59 weight of frames, 37, 49 pot shards, 236n49 at Palestrina, 9, 10 Champlin, E., 148 properties, 58, 65 provenance of, 64 Chieti, cistern at, 239n18 codicariae, 67. See also transport: river refuse from older buildings, 59 Choisy, August, 153 coffers, 8 types in vaulting, 13–16 on brick linings, 29–30 Basilica of Maxentius, 36, 198 Caesarea Maritima, imported pozzolana, on lattice ribs, 98, 107 Pantheon, 44, 45–46 55 on amphoras in vaults, 78 Sanctuary of Fortuna Primigenia, 9, 10, C¸akmak, A. S., 8 Chronographer of A.D. 354, 82 11 Canina, Luigi, 63 churches Villa of Domitian, 87, 97 Capitoline, Roman insula. See “Casa di via S. Anastasio (Tre Fontane), 84 collegia. See building industry Giulio Romano” S. Bernardo, 197 collegium fabrum tignariorum, 20 Caracalla, increased tax base, 171 S. Clemente, structure below, 34, 35, colonnade supporting vault, 121 Caraffa, Paolo, 78 188–189 architrave bars, 125, 126–127, 128 Casa de la Exedra (Italica, Spain), 70–71, S. Costanza, 127, 129, 179 lightweight caementa, 61, 63, 126, 170 73 S. Croce, 179 methods of stabilization, 114–115, 128, Casa del Sacello Iliaco (Pompeii I.6.4), 54 S. Giorgio (Riofreddo), 84 168 “Casa di via Giulio Romano,” 69, 75, 76 S.