THE KAPPA LEGEND A Comparative Ethnological Study on the Japanese Water-Spirit Kappa and Its Habit of Trying to Lure Horses into the Water BY Ishida EiichirB CONTENTS FOREWORD CHAPTER I Horses and Water-gods The Japanese Islands (1)-Kappa luring horses into the water (1)-Pastures by the water-side (1)-Fine horses sired by dragons (1)-Fine horses appear out of the water (2)--China and its borders (3)-Dragon-horses (3)pDragons turn into horses, and horses into dragons (4)-Dragons and celestial horses (7)- Pasturing mares by the waterside so that they may bear fine steeds (7)-Divine horses in the water (11)-Water-gods on horseback (13)-Horses and floods (14) -White Horse Cave (15)-Underground water (15)-Water-horses of Central Asia (16)-Ting Pu-ling of Annarn (18)-River-gods seek to draw horses into the water (19)-Sacrifice of horses to water-gods (20)-Importation of Chinese books (21)-Westem and northwestern parts of China (22)-Sea-stallion (23)-The Thousand Nights and One Night (23)-Wild males and domesticated females (24)-The Caucasus etc. (26)-Rashi, the winged horse (26)wAnHhita (27)- A Permian idol (27)pIslamic culture and sea-stallions (27)-Prows in the form of horses' heads (28)-The god Varuqa (28)-The Finnic peoples (28)-NZikki, the water-spirit (29)-The Germanic peoples (29)-Hoofs pointing backward (30)-Odin and the Nakki (31)-Scotland (32)-Kelpies (32)-The Boobrie etc. (32)-Iron as a charm (33)-Charms against water-spirits (34)-Ireland (35) -Manannin9s white horse (35)-Fine steeds of ~~chulainn(35)-St. Michael and others (35)-The goddess Epona (36)-France (36)-The magical properties of water (36)-Spain (37)~"Horses of the flood " (37)-Russia (37)-The mare Rusalka (37)-Bohemia (38)wMisshapen forms and the nether world (38)- Barks of trees have magic powers (38)-Lausitz (39)pHeadless black horses (39) -Hungary (40)-Southern Slavs (40)-The chariot of the sun (40)-The Greeks and the Mediterranean (40)-Poseidon, the horse-god (40)-Areion and Pegasus (40)-Poseidon on horseback (41)-Sacrifice of horses (41)-The earth and Poseidon (42)-Poseidon the bull-man (42)-God of the blossoming bough (42)-Great sea-bull (43)-Miss Harrison's theory (43)-The Minotaur, the Cretan bull (43)-Minos, the priest and king-god (*)-Egypt, Crete and Greece THE KAPPA LEGEND (@)-Atlantis (@)-Bull hunting and bull-fights (45)-Sacred pillars and sacri- ficial bulls (45)-Mycenaean culture and the worship of Poseidon (45)-The sun and Poseidon (45)-Poseidon, the foreign god (46)-The coming of horses to Crete (46)-Libyan origin (46)-Southward movement of the horse (47)-The rearing and worship of oxen (49) CHAPTER I1 Oxen and Water-gods Eduard Hahn (50)-The mystery of the moon (51)-The moon and women (51) -The cow and the horn (52)-Religious origin of domestic animals (52)-The wheel and the plough (52)-Nomadic sphere of culture (53)-The ox and the horse (54)-The female principle, the moon, the ox and agriculture (55)-Figurines of the primitive All-mother (56)-The spiral, the serpent and the moon (56)- The Mother Earth (57)-Lunar mythology (57)-Fertility and ox-worship (57) -The moon and water (59)-The rain-cow (60)-The moon and the water of life (61)-The horse and the moon (62)-Horses of the sun (62)-Worship of the sky (63)-The replacing of the ox with the horse (63)-Poseidon as earth-god and god of agriculture (64)-The corn-spirit and the horse (64)-Water and the ox (66)-Courtship of a water-god (66)-Sacrifice of virgins (67)-Oxen and horses offered to water-gods (68)-Horse-headed agricultural gods (68)-North and South (72)-The Slavs (73)-The water-man (73)-The Turks (73)-The Finno- Ugric peoples (74)-Water-festivals, oxen and horses (74)-Master of the water (75)-Oxen kept by water-spirits (75)-Oxen of the earth-spirit and the oxen of wells (76)-The Germanic peoples (77)-The water-bull (77)-The Celts (77)-The Semites (78)-" Oxen's well " (78)-The bull which bears the " sea " (78)-Petsians (79)-White horses and river-gods (79)-Sacrifice of cows (79) -Distribution of the water-horse legend and the Iranian peoples (80)-Sacred urine of oxen (80)-India (81)-Pre-Aryan culture (81)-Sacrifices to the flood demon (82)-Buffalo demon (82)-Vamna in the AHvamedha (83)-The horse and the mysteries of Mrtyu-PrajHpati-Aivamedha(84)-Aditi (84)-The Earth-Mother and oxen (85)-Gods of thunder and rain, and oxen and horses (85)-Indra- Adad type of thunder-god (86)-Moon, thunder and rain (86)-The thunder- god mounted on the bull (87)-The thunder-god as the god of fertility (87)- Susa-no-o-no-mikoto (89)-Thunder-gods in the form of serpents (89)hChina and her border regions (90)-Thunder and the dragon (90)-Wicked dragons destroyed by thunder (90)-The chiao-dragon in the form of oxen (91)-Origin of the domestication of oxen and horses (91)-The ox-headed ShCn-nung (93)- Water-horses and water-oxen in the Shan-hai-ching (93)-" Ox in the service of the river-prince" (94)-An iron ox quells a river in flood (95)-Tree-spirit in the form of a blue ox (96)-Single-homed oxen of the sacred tree (97)-Blue oxen in the water (98)-Mongolian water-oxen (98)--Oxen and wind and rain (99) -Golden ox and golden chain (100)-Golden ox in Annam (102)-Hsii ChCn-chiin imprisons an evil chiao-dragon (103)-Iron pillars and iron chains (103)-Chiao- dragons fear iron (104)vFights with oxen in the water (104)-Li Ping and the river-god (104)-Bull-fight and fertility rites (106)--Clay oxen and ta-ch'un (107) -Oxen, the shd and the tsu (107)-Oxen and the megalithic culture (108)Xarp turned into iron (108)-Stones in the earth (109)Xarp,chiao-dragons, and serpents ... CONTENTS 111 (110)-Stone oxen in the water (110)-Water-spirits quelled by stone rhinoceroses (1 10)-Stone pillars and sacrificial oxen (1 11)-The earth, ancestors, sexual organs and serpents (112)-Cutting off the heads of oxen with iron swords (112)-Dragon- horses cum celestial horses versus river-oxen cum earth-oxen (112)eHeaven is represented by the horse, and the earth by the ox (113)-White horse and blue ox (113)-The Abasy of the Yakut (114)-The Japanese Islands (114)aAgri- culture and the ox (1 14)-Divine oxen in the water (1 15)-The ox and the ceremo- ny of praying for rain (115)-The Nakoshi festival etc. (115)-The riddle of the kappa trying to lure horses into the water (116) CHAPTER I11 Monkeys and Water-gods Tortoises and snapping turtles (117)--Otters (118)-Boy water-gods (118)- The wang-liang (119)-The shui-hu (120)-The ho-shui-kuei (120)-The shui- yun (120)-Bowl on the head (120)-Monkeys (121)-Monkeys by the water- side (122)-Monkeys are considered as the enemies of the kappa (122)-The water-monster Wu Chih-ch'i (123)-Sung Wu-k'ung (125)-Monkeys, horses and the kappa (126)-Visl;lu (126)---Gandharvas (127)-Monkeys kept in stables (128) -Monkeys used to cure horses (128)-Monkeys are good for horses (129)- Monkeys drive away disease (130)-Sun Wu-k'ung, the keeper of the celestial stables (131)-The monkey ancestor of the Tibetans (131)-Chia-kuo or ma- hua (131)-The Yang family and the Pai-ma Ti (132)-Yang Ch'ien-tu of Shu (133)-A piece of jade carved in the form of monkeys with arms entwined (133)- Monkeys on horseback (134)-Monkeys drawing horses (134)-Crocodiles and the liver of monkeys (135) CONCLUSION Summary (135)-Fine steeds obtained by the waterside (136)-Water-gods in the form of horses (136)-Oxen and water (136)-Ox-worship (137)-The moon, the earth, the female principle, oxen, the power of fertility and water (137)-The southward advance of the horse (137)-0xe~replaced by horses (138)-Western Europe and Eastern Asia (138)-0xen and agriculture (138)-Dragon-horses cum celestial horses versus river-oxen cum earth-oxen (139)-Continuity of the human culture (139)--God of thunder and rain (140)-Megalithic culture (141) -Taboo of iron (141)-The need of vision from the standpoint of world-history BIBLIOGRAPHY ILLUSTRATIONS Varieties of the Kappa. Facsimile of a colour-print of the late Tokugawa period. Fig. 1 Kappa caught on the beach near Mito, Hitachi province. Fig. 2 Horses and water combined in a Permian idol. Fig. 3 Assyrian boat used about 700 B.C. and depicted in the palace of Sargon. Fig. 4 Hippocampi depicted on the wall of Min-ui near Kizil, Chinese Turkestan. Fig. 5 Celtic horse-goddess Epona, may originally b: a deity of springs or rivers, conceived as a spirited steed. a) From a bas-relief found at Bregenz, Tyrol. THE KAPPA LEGEND b) From a bronze statuette found in Wiltshire. Fig. 6 Poseidon on horseback, on a fragment of 7th century B.C. Corinthian pottery. Fig. 7 Poseidon as bull-god, on a black figured amphora in the museum at Wiirzburg. Fig. 8 Spirals and serpents engraved on each side of a piece of mammoth tusk, discovered at Malta near Irkutsk. Fig. 9 Horse-headed Oshira-sama, Hirota village, Kise-gun, Iwate prefecture. Fig. 10 Unicorns combined with a pipal tree. A sealing from Mohenjo-Daro. Fig. 11 She-rain with the rainbow over her. A rock-painting by the Bushmen, from a cave under the great precipice of Klein Aasvogelkop, Rouxville District, Orange Free State.