1111 2 3 4 5111 RELIGION AND SOCIETY 6 7 IN QAJAR IRAN 8 9 1011 1 2 3111 In recent years there has been increasing interest in the study of Qajar Iran, 4 particularly with respect to religion during this period. With contributions 5 from leading researchers in the field of religion in nineteenth-century Iran, 6 this book presents new insights into Qajar religious, political and cultural 7 history. 8 Key topics covered include: 9 20111 · the relationship between religion and the state 1 · the importance of archival materials for the study of religion 2 · the developments in Qajar religious thought 3 · the position of religious minorities in Qajar Iran 4 · the relationship between religion and Qajar culture 5 · the centrality of Shiite hierarchy and the state. 6 7 Religion and Society in Qajar Iran brings together these important studies 8 in one place for the first time to provide a collection that will appeal to 9 students, scholars and researchers of the history of Islam, Iran and the 30111 Middle East. 1 2 Robert Gleave is Reader in Islamic Studies in the Department of Theology 3 and Religious Studies, University of Bristol. His research interests include 4 Shiism, Iranian history after 1500 and Islamic law. He is the co-editor 5 of Islamic Law: Theory and Practice (1996) and the author of Inevitable 6 Doubt: Two Theories of Shii Jurisprudence (2000). 7 8 9 40111 1 2 3 44111 1111 ROUTLEDGECURZON/BIPS PERSIAN 2 STUDIES SERIES 3 Editorial Board 4 5 Professor C. E. Bosworth, Dr V. S. Curtis, 6 Dr R. M. Gleave, Dr V. A. Martin 7 8 9 In this series, RoutledgeCurzon in association with the British Institute of 1011 Persian Studies (BIPS) publishes scholarly books in the social sciences and 1 humanities on Iran. Such works include: original research monographs; 2 suitably revised theses; specially planned books deriving from conferences; 3111 specially commissioned, multi-authored research books and translations. 4 5 1 IRANIAN HISTORY AND POLITICS 6 The Dialectic of State and Socity 7 Homa Katouzian 8 9 2 THE MAKING OF MODERN IRAN 20111 State and Society under Riza Shah 1921–1941 1 Edited by Stephanie Cronin 2 3 3 REFORMERS AND REVOLUTIONARIES IN MODERN IRAN 4 New Perspectives on the Iranian Left 5 Edited by Stephanie Cronin 6 7 4 RELIGION AND SOCIETY IN QAJAR IRAN 8 Edited by Robert Gleave 9 30111 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 40111 1 2 3 44 45111 1111 2 3 4 511 RELIGION 6 7 AND SOCIETY IN 8 9 1011 QAJAR IRAN 1 2 3111 Proceedings of the conference held on 4–6 September 2000 in Bristol and jointly organised by Bristol 4 University (Department of Theology and Religious Studies), The British Institute of Persian Studies, The Iran Heritage Foundation, The Foreign and Commonwealth Office and the University of Bristol 5 Faculty of Arts. 6 7 8 9 20111 1 2 3 4 Edited by Robert Gleave 5 6 7 8 9 30111 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 40111 1 2 3 44 45111 1111 In memory of 2 John (Yahya) Cooper, 3 E. G. Browne Lecturer in Persian Studies, 4 University of Cambridge 5 (1947–98) 6 7 8 9 1011 1 2 3111 First published 2005 4 by RoutledgeCurzon 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, 5 Oxon OX14 4RN 6 Simultaneously published in the USA and Canada 7 by RoutledgeCurzon 8 270 Madison Ave, New York, NY 10016 9 RoutledgeCurzon is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group 20111 Editorial matter and selection © 2005 Robert Gleave; 1 individual chapters © the contributors 2 This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2005. 3 “To purchase your own copy of this or any of Taylor & Francis or Routledge’s 4 collection of thousands of eBooks please go to www.eBookstore.tandf.co.uk.” 5 All rights reserved. No part of this book may be 6 reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any 7 electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter 8 invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without 9 permission in writing from the publishers. 30111 British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data 1 A catalogue record for this book is available from the 2 British Library 3 Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data 4 A catalog record for this book has been requested 5 6 ISBN 0-203-33737-9 Master e-book ISBN 7 8 ISBN 0–415–33814–X (Print Edition) 9 40111 1 2 3 44 45111 1111 2 3 4 511 CONTENTS 6 7 8 9 1011 1 2 3111 List of illustrations viii 4 List of contributors x 5 Preface xii 6 Note on transliteration, dates, names and 7 abbreviations xiv 8 9 1 Religion and society in Qajar Iran: an introduction 1 20111 1 ROBERT GLEAVE 2 3 PART I 4 5 Religion and the state in the Qajar period 19 6 7 2 Political ethic and public law in the early Qajar 8 period 21 9 SAÏD AMIR ARJOMAND 30111 1 3 Jihåd and the religious legitimacy of the early 2 Qajar state 41 3 4 ROBERT GLEAVE 5 6 4 From Dår al-Sal†ana-yi I‚fahån to Dår al-khilåfa-yi 7 ˝ihrån: continuity and change in the Safavid model 8 of state–religious administration during the Qajars 9 (1795–1895/1209–1313) 71 40111 MANSUR SEFATGOL 1 2 3 5 Religious and state jurisdiction during NÇ‚ir al-D¥n 44 ShÇh’s reign 84 45111 IRENE SCHNEIDER v CONTENTS 1111 PART II 2 Religious thought in the Qajar period 111 3 4 6 Being (wujd) and sanctity (wilåya): two poles of 5 intellectual and mystical enquiry in Qajar Iran 113 6 SAJJAD RIZVI 7 8 7 Orthodoxy and heterodoxy in Twelver Shiism: Aªmad 9 ª Ç¥ ∂ Ç Ç ¥ å 1011 al-A s on Fay K sh n (the Ris lat al-Ilmiyya)127 1 TODD LAWSON 2 3111 8 Anti-AkhbÇr¥ sentiments among the Qajar Ulamå: the case 4 of Muªammad BÇqir al-KhwÇnsÇr¥ (d.1313/1895) 155 5 ANDREW J. NEWMAN 6 7 9 Heterodox intellectuals of the Iranian Constitutional 8 Revolution 174 9 SOHRAB YAZDANI 20111 1 2 PART III 3 Sources for the study of popular religion in Qajar Iran 193 4 5 10 Religion in public and private life: the case of YaghmÇ-yi 6 Jandaq¥ (1781–1859) 195 7 ROXANE HAAG-HIGUCHI 8 9 11 Pious merchants: religious sentiments in wills and 30111 testaments 211 1 2 CHRISTOPH WERNER 3 Ç 4 12 The Vaqf and the religious patronage of Man chihr Kh n 5 Mutamad al-Dawlah 227 6 NOBUAKI KONDO 7 8 PART IV 9 Religious minorities and Western missionaries in 40111 1 Qajar Iran 245 2 3 13 Mujtahids and missionaries: Sh¥ ¥ responses to Christian 44 polemics in the early Qajar period 247 45111 ABBAS AMANAT vi CONTENTS 1111 14 The Western missionaries in Azerbaijani society 2 (1835–1914) 270 3 FLORENCE HELLOT 4 5 15 Jews of Iran in the Qajar period: persecution and 6 perseverance 293 7 HAIDEH SAHIM 8 9 Ç¥ 1011 16 The evolution of charismatic authority in the Bah faith 1 (1863–1921) 311 2 JUAN R. I. COLE 3111 4 17 The role of women in the Iranian BahÇ¥ community 5 during the Qajar period 346 6 MOOJAN MOMEN 7 8 PART V 9 Religion and culture in Qajar Iran 371 20111 1 18 Religious rituals, social identities and political relationships 2 3 in Tehran under Qajar rule, 1850s–1920s 373 4 KAMRAN AGHAIE 5 6 19 The Exile Persian Press and the pro-constitutionalist Ulamå 7 of the AtabÇt 393 8 PARDIS MINUCHEHR 9 30111 20 Religion and medicine in Qajar Iran 401 1 HORMOZ EBRAHIMNEJAD 2 3 21 Some interpretations of religious and popular culture in 4 Qajar tilework 429 5 6 JENNIFER SCARCE 7 8 Bibliography 449 9 Index 474 40111 1 2 3 44 45111 vii 1111 2 3 4 5 ILLUSTRATIONS 6 7 8 9 1011 1 2 3d1 Figures 4 13.1 Title page of the collection of treatises, written by 5 Martyn and his adversaries, and published in 1824 259 6 13.2 Dedication page of the collection of treatises, written by 7 Martyn and his adversaries, and published in 1824 260 8 13.3 Title page of Martyn’s Persian translation of the New 9 20111 Testament 264 1 13.4 Opening page of the Gospel according to Luke in 2 Martyn’s Persian translation of the New Testament 265 Ç Ç 3 17.1 F izih Kh num, seated in the centre of the group 354 ˝Ç Ç 4 17.2 yirih Kh num 355 Ç Ç¥ 5 17.3 The National B h Women’s Committee, 1916. The ¥ Ç ¥ 6 lady to the left on the front row is Mun rih Ay d , who 7 founded a girls’ school in 1911 360 †Ç Ç Ç 8 21.1 Tilemaker at work. Underglaze-painted tile. Sul nat b d 9 Palace, north Tehran 1888 433 Ç 30111 21.2 Scrolling foliage. Overglaze-painted tiles. Masjid-i Sh h, 1 Tehran 1808–13 433 Ç 2 21.3 Floral buta motifs. Overglaze-painted tiles. Masjid-i Sh h, 3 Semnan 1828 434 4 21.4 Inscription panel. Tile mosaic. Masjid-i SipahsÇlÇr, 5 Tehran 1879–81 435 6 21.5 Arrangement of fruit and flowers. Overglaze-painted tiles. 7 Masjid-i SipahsÇlÇr, Tehran 1879–81 436 8 21.6 Ysuf and Zulaikha and the women of Memphis.