Cover image BLUE BIOECONOMY REPORT DECEMBER 2020 WWW.EUMOFA.EU Maritime Affairs and Fisheries Manuscript completed in December 2020. The European Commission is not liable for any consequence stemming from the reuse of this publication. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union, 2020 © European Union, 2020 The reuse policy of European Commission documents is implemented based on Commission Decision 2011/833/EU of 12 December 2011 on the reuse of Commission documents (OJ L 330, 14.12.2011, p. 39). Except otherwise noted, the reuse of this document is authorised under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC-BY 4.0) licence (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). This means that reuse is allowed provided appropriate credit is given and any changes are indicated. For any use or reproduction of elements that are not owned by the European Union, permission may need to be sought directly from the respective rightholders. 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Source: stock.adobe.com PDF ISBN 978-92-76-23787-7 doi: 10.2771/33246 KL-02-20-897-EN-N FOR MORE INFORMATION AND COMMENTS: Directorate-General for Maritime Affairs and Fisheries B-1049 Brussels Tel: +32 229-50101 E-mail: [email protected] i CONTENTS LIST OF ACRONYMS ............................................................................................................................................................... iii GLOSSARY ................................................................................................................................................................................ vi FOREWORD ............................................................................................................................................................................ viii 1 INTEGRATED MULTI-TROPHIC AQUACULTURE ..................................................................................................... 1 1.1 HISTORY AND DEVELOPMENT OF IMTA ................................................................................................................................................................ 1 1.1.1 History of IMTA .......................................................................................................................................................................................... 1 1.1.2 China ................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 4 1.1.3 The market context for IMTA ............................................................................................................................................................ 6 1.1.4 EU support for IMTA and aquaculture......................................................................................................................................... 8 1.2 IMTA TODAY............................................................................................................................................................................................................. 10 1.2.1 Species for IMTA .................................................................................................................................................................................... 10 1.2.2 IMTA systems .......................................................................................................................................................................................... 13 1.3 THE CHALLENGES FOR IMTA ................................................................................................................................................................................ 18 1.3.1 IMTA in general ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 19 1.3.2 Seaweed IMTA ........................................................................................................................................................................................ 21 1.3.3 Invertebrate and seaweed-mussels IMTA canvassing .................................................................................................. 22 1.3.4 Aquaponics and RASs ......................................................................................................................................................................... 23 1.3.5 Multi-use/Multi-purpose platforms ............................................................................................................................................ 23 1.3.6 The realities of experience versus research ......................................................................................................................... 25 1.3.7 The policy environment ..................................................................................................................................................................... 26 1.3.8 Integrated zoning, regulation and permits............................................................................................................................ 28 1.3.9 Biosecurity, diseases and food safety ..................................................................................................................................... 30 1.3.10 Stakeholder beliefs and Social Licence to Operate ......................................................................................................... 31 1.3.11 Life cycle analyses ............................................................................................................................................................................... 33 1.3.12 Economic efficiencies ......................................................................................................................................................................... 34 1.3.13 Investment ................................................................................................................................................................................................ 36 1.4 PROSPECTS FOR IMTA ........................................................................................................................................................................................... 37 1.4.1 IMTA value chains: ecosystem services and product opportunities ...................................................................... 37 1.4.2 Taking opportunities for the future ........................................................................................................................................... 41 ANNEX I – PROJECTS RELEVANT TO IMTA .................................................................................................................................................................... 45 ANNEX II – SPECIES USED IN IMTA IN EUROPE ........................................................................................................................................................... 50 2 AVAILABILITY AND UTILISATION OF REST RAW MATERIALS IN DENMARK ............................................ 66 2.1 SCOPE AND METHODOLOGY .................................................................................................................................................................................. 66 2.1.1 Study scope .............................................................................................................................................................................................. 66 2.1.2 Methodology ............................................................................................................................................................................................ 66 2.2 INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................................................................................................................................... 68 i 2.3 DANISH SEAFOOD PRODUCTION AND TRADE .................................................................................................................................................... 69 2.3.1 Fisheries – first-sale ........................................................................................................................................................................... 69 2.3.2 Aquaculture .............................................................................................................................................................................................. 70 2.3.3 Processing ................................................................................................................................................................................................. 70 2.3.4 Trade ............................................................................................................................................................................................................. 71 2.4 OCCURRENCE AND AVAILABILITY OF REST RAW MATERIALS .......................................................................................................................... 73 2.4.1 Apparent availability of rest raw materials.........................................................................................................................