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Tests of global governance ‘‘Cooper makes a compelling case for his own version of a new diplo- macy, one that involves many different actors in non-traditional settings such as UN conferences. Although Cooper is unsparing in his analysis of the limits of these new trends, he also gives us reason to hope that the newdiplomacycanbeabridgebetweena territorially defined, state- centred Westphalian world and the varied, plural, multi-layered world of global governance.’’ Anne-Marie Slaughter, Dean, Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs, Princeton University ‘‘This is an important book for anyone interested in international public policy. It gives a very clear picture of the workings of the ‘actually- existing’ legislative process of global governance (problem-specific, global conferences) and the central, perhaps essential, role of ‘middle powers’ and Canada in particular.’’ Craig N. Murphy, M. Margaret Ball Professor of International Rela- tions, Wellesley College, USA ‘‘Cooper is one of the first scholars to utilize systematically UN confer- ences as a laboratory for testing as yet unexamined hypotheses concern- ing the interface between contemporary multilateral diplomacy and what can be considered as new forms of global governance. As a result, this book is path-breaking in its rethinking of the boundaries of global gov- ernance and of the intersection where top-down and bottom-up multi- lateralism meet. The Canadian state-society complex is implicated all the way through this excellent book.’’ W. Andy Knight, McCalla Research Professor, University of Alberta Co-Editor of Global Governance Journal Tests of global governance: Canadian diplomacy and United Nations world conferences Andrew F. Cooper United Nations a University Press TOKYO u NEW YORK u PARIS ( United Nations University, 2004 The views expressed in this publication are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the United Nations University. United Nations University Press United Nations University, 53-70, Jingumae 5-chome, Shibuya-ku, Tokyo, 150-8925, Japan Tel: þ81-3-3499-2811 Fax: þ81-3-3406-7345 E-mail: [email protected] general enquiries: [email protected] http://www.unu.edu United Nations University Office at the United Nations, New York 2 United Nations Plaza, Room DC2-2062, New York, NY 10017, USA Tel: þ1-212-963-6387 Fax: þ1-212-371-9454 E-mail: [email protected] United Nations University Press is the publishing division of the United Nations University. Cover design Joyce C. Weston Printed in Hong Kong UNUP-1096 ISBN 92-808-1096-0 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Cooper, Andrew Fenton, 1950– Tests of global governance : Canadian diplomacy and United Nations world conferences / Andrew F. Cooper. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 9280810960 (pbk.) 1. United Nations—Congresses. 2. United Nations—Canada. 3. Diplomacy— Case studies. 4. Canada—Foreign relations–1945– 5. World politics—1989— Case studies. 6. Non-governmental organizations. 7. International relations. I. Title. JZ4984.C67 2004 341.230 71—dc22 2004007655 Contents Acronyms............................................................. vii Preface................................................................. ix 1 United Nations world conferences as tests of global governance:anoverview.......................................... 1 2 Emerging tests of diplomacy: transition from earlier UN world conferences......................................................... 12 3 Tests of partnership: between statecraft and society-craft . 40 4 Testsofleadership:theprimeministerialrole................... 69 5 Tests of discipline: imposition or negotiation of the system of governance?........................................................ 94 6 Tests of sovereignty: an evasive and estranged diplomacy? . 122 7 Tests of the civilisational divide? The Cairo International Conference on Population and Development . ................. 152 v vi CONTENTS 8 Tests of difference: women’s ownership of the Beijing conference.......................................................... 184 9 Tests of value with respect to Durban and beyond: anomaly or endofthelifecycle?............................................... 223 Notes.................................................................. 254 References............................................................ 261 Index.................................................................. 286 Acronyms AFN Assembly of First Nations APEC Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation ASEAN Association of South-East Asian Nations BCNI Business Council on National Issues (Canada) CANZ Canada-Australia-New Zealand group CCIC Canadian Council for International Cooperation CCO Conservation Council of Ontario CEN Canadian Environmental Network CIDA Canadian International Development Agency CIIA Canadian Institute of International Affairs CPCU Canadian Participatory Committee for UNCED CPPA Canadian Pulp and Paper Association CSW United Nations Commission on the Status of Women DEA Canadian Department of External Affairs (prior to 1989); External Affairs and International Trade Canada (between 1989 and 1993) DFAIT Canadian Department of Foreign Affairs and International Trade (after 1993) ECLAC Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean ECOSOC United Nations Economic and Social Council EU European Union FOE Friends of the Earth FLS Forward-looking Strategies for the Advancement of Women to the Year 2000 FSC Forest Stewardship Council FTA Canada-US Free Trade Agreement vii viii ACRONYMS G-7 Group of seven industrialised countries G-77 Group of 77 developing countries GFC Global Forestry Convention GNP Gross national product GST Goods and Services Tax (Canada) ICHRDD International Centre for Human Rights and Democratic Develop- ment ICPD International Conference on Population and Development ILO International Labour Organization INGOs International NGOs IPPF International Planned Parenthood Federation IRB Immigration and Refugee Board JUSCANZ Informal group made up of Japan, the United States, Canada, Aus- tralia and New Zealand and a number of other states including the Netherlands and Norway LIFT Low Income Families Together NAC National Action Committee on the Status of Women (Canada) NAFTA North American Free Trade Agreement NATO North Atlantic Treaty Organization NGOs Non-governmental organisations NIEO New international economic order NIHR Norwegian Institute of Human Rights OECD Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development ODA Official Development Assistance OSCE Organization on Security and Cooperation in Europe PCO Privy Council Office PFA Beijing Platform for Action PMO Prime Minister’s Office PPF Planned Parenthood Federation of Canada PRC People’s Republic of China Prep Com Preparatory Committee SWC Status of Women Canada UNCED United Nations Conference on Environment and Development UNCHR United Nations Commission on Human Rights UNCTAD United Nations Conference on Trade and Development UNDP United Nations Development Programme UNEP United Nations Environment Programme UNESCO United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization UNFPA United Nations Fund for Population Activities UNHCR United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees UNICEF United Nations Children’s Fund UNIFEM United Nations Development Fund for Women WCAR World Conference against Racism WEDO Women’s Environment and Development Organization WEOG Western European and Others Group WSC World Summit for Children or Children’s Summit WSSD World Summit for Social Development or Social Summit Preface At the heart of this book is an extended examination of the interface between diplomatic method and new forms of global governance. Be- cause of the complex dynamics involved in the series of United Nations world conferences, a focus on this set of activity allows an extended ex- amination of a number of important theoretical debates central to the study of international relations. On a case study basis the work demon- strates that global governance is a differentiated multi-spectral site of activity within which states and non-state actors alike, particularly NGOs, play varied but vital roles. The role of Canada and Canadians with respect to the UN world con- ferences is given special attention as both a unique and representative sample of how this dualistic interplay between diplomacy and global governance and evolving forms of state and society-craft has played out over time in a policy rich setting. The sweep of the study extends from the 1992 Rio UNCED conference, through